Abstract
Curcuma longa possesses powerful antifungal activity, as demonstrated in many studies. In this study, the antifungal spectrum of Curcuma longa alcohol extract was determined, and the resulting EC50 values (mg/mL) of its extract on eleven fungi, including Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium chlamydosporum, Alternaria alternate, Fusarium tricinctum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium culmorum, Rhizopus oryzae, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum higginsianum, were 0.1088, 0.1742, 0.1888, 0.2547, 0.3135, 0.3825, 0.4229, 1.2086, 4.5176, 3.8833 and 5.0183, respectively. Among them, F. graminearum was selected to determine the inhibitory effects of the compounds (including curdione, isocurcumenol, curcumenol, curzerene, β-elemene, curcumin, germacrone and curcumol) derived from Curcuma longa. In addition, the antifungal activities of curdione, curcumenol, curzerene, curcumol and isocurcumenol and the synergies of the complexes of curdione and seven other chemicals were investigated. Differential proteomics of F. graminearum was also compared, and at least 2021 reproducible protein spots were identified. Among these spots, 46 were classified as differentially expressed proteins, and these proteins are involved in energy metabolism, tRNA synthesis and glucose metabolism. Furthermore, several fungal physiological differences were also analysed. The antifungal effect included fungal cell membrane disruption and inhibition of ergosterol synthesis, respiration, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and NADH oxidase.
Highlights
We previously reported that the ethanol and hexane extracts of C. longa have significant antifungal activities against the following ten pathogenic fungi: Botrytis cinerea, Chaetomium olivaceum, Fusarium graminearum, Mycogone perniciosa, Penicillium pallidum, Phoma wasabiae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Verticillium dahlia, Plasmodiophora brassicae and Magnaporthe grisea [22,23,24,25]
The following strains used in this study were respectively isolated from differentcrops that infected pathogenic fungi and were identified by their ITS sequences, including Fusarium graminearum (GenBank accession No: MF372579, from wheat), Fusarium tricinctum (MF372578, from kiwi fruit), Rhizopus oryzae (MF372577, from the fruit-body of Pleurotus ostreatus), Cladosporium cladosporioides (MF372580, from the fruit-body of Pleurotus ostreatus), Fusarium culmorum (MF372583, from morel’s ascocarp), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (MF372581, from morel’s ascocarp), Alternaria alternate (MF373422, from strawberries infected by leaf spot disease), Fusarium chlamydosporum (MF383402, from root endophytes of Dendrobium crumenatum), Fusarium oxysporium (MF372600, from banana wilt) and Botrytis cinerea (MF510815, from Capsicum frutescens) and Colletotrichum higginsianum
Fresh PDB medium was added to the extract at final concentrations (0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/mL, each concentration were set up three parallel repetition), curdione and curcumenol were prepared into culture medium with the same concentration gradient, One mycelium plug of F. graminearum was inoculated into the PDB solution and cultured at 28 ̊C and 180 rpm for 24 hrs
Summary
Bio-pesticides or fungicides have been acknowledged as green pesticides [7] With this knowledge, many researchers have focused on determining the antifungal components produced by plants over the past few years [8, 9], and significant progress has been made, including the discovery of carvone, azadirachtin and pyrethroids [10]. We previously reported that the ethanol and hexane extracts of C. longa have significant antifungal activities against the following ten pathogenic fungi: Botrytis cinerea, Chaetomium olivaceum, Fusarium graminearum, Mycogone perniciosa, Penicillium pallidum, Phoma wasabiae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Verticillium dahlia, Plasmodiophora brassicae and Magnaporthe grisea [22,23,24,25]. It is necessary to systematically study the antifungal activity of the extract and its main active components and mechanism to evaluate the main targets for antifungal activity
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