Abstract
(Bio)fouling processes arising from nonspecific adsorption of biological materials (mainly proteins but also cells and oligonucleotides), reaction products of neurotransmitters oxidation, and precipitation/polymerization of phenolic compounds, have detrimental effects on reliable electrochemical (bio)sensing of relevant analytes and markers either directly or after prolonged incubation in rich-proteins samples or at extreme pH values. Therefore, the design of antifouling (bio)sensing interfaces capable to minimize these undesired processes is a substantial outstanding challenge in electrochemical biosensing. For this purpose, efficient antifouling strategies involving the use of carbon materials, metallic nanoparticles, catalytic redox couples, nanoporous electrodes, electrochemical activation, and (bio)materials have been proposed so far. In this article, biomaterial-based strategies involving polymers, hydrogels, peptides, and thiolated self-assembled monolayers are reviewed and critically discussed. The reported strategies have been shown to be successful to overcome (bio)fouling in a diverse range of relevant practical applications. We highlight recent examples for the reliable sensing of particularly fouling analytes and direct/continuous operation in complex biofluids or harsh environments. Opportunities, unmet challenges, and future prospects in this field are also pointed out.
Highlights
Despite the huge progress demonstrated by electrochemical biosensors for individual and/or multiplexed determination of a wide variety of relevant analytes including biomarkers at different molecular levels, the determination of certain compounds such as phenols and neurotransmitters [1,2], the direct determination ofmarkers in complex media, and the continuous operation in biological matrices remain as important challenges due to the occurrence offouling
Fouling agents tend to adhere to the electrode surface through different interactions depending on the type of fouling agent and electrode surface
Yang et al [1] proposed the use of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly (PEDOT:PSS) as a GCE antifouling modifier to prepare an electrochemical sensor for continuous monitoring of gaseous tricresyl phosphate (TCP)
Summary
Despite the huge progress demonstrated by electrochemical biosensors for individual and/or multiplexed determination of a wide variety of relevant analytes including biomarkers at different molecular levels, the determination of certain compounds such as phenols and neurotransmitters [1,2], the direct determination of (bio)markers in complex media, and the continuous operation in biological matrices remain as important challenges due to the occurrence of (bio)fouling This process is associated with gradual passivation of the transducer surface due to accumulation of fouling compounds which may be a matrix component, the target analyte, or an electrochemical reaction product [2]. In addition to representative examples of each strategy, the main challenges to be addressed and future prospects for reducing fouling in electrochemical sensing and improve practical operation in complex environments are briefly discussed
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