Antidiabetic potential of Celtis tetrandra Roxb. leaf extracts in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, lipid profile, and histopathological analysis of pancreas.

Comparison between ethanolic and aqueous extracts from Chinese juniper berries for hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic effects in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

This research was designed to examine the phytochemicals of Mentha viridis (M. viridis) ethanolic extract and the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities in alloxan-induced animal models. Diabetes was induced chemically by administering a unit dose of alloxan at 120 mg/kg BW. After alloxan induction, hyperglycemic rats were dealt with ethanolic extract of leaf and whole plant, metformin, and a mixture of leaf extract with metformin and whole plant extract with metformin for two weeks. Ethanolic extract of leaf and whole plant, metformin, and a combination of both leaf and whole plant extract with metformin therapies reduced glucose levels in the blood compared with the diabetic negative control group after two weeks of treatment. However, among the therapies, the ethanolic leaf extract and the combination of whole plant extracts with metformin were found to be the most effective (p<0.05), with reductions of 62.82% and 72.89%, respectively. After diabetes induction, the serum level of TG (triglycerides), TC (total cholesterol), LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol) escalated notably (p<0.05), and HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol) level decreased remarkably (p<0.05) in hyperglycemic rats as opposed to healthy normal rats. Ethanolic leaf extract and a combination of whole plant extract with metformin significantly minimized the elevated extent of TG and LDL-C. They surged HDL-C, but the TC level was reduced by whole plant extract only after two weeks of treatment. The standard procedures were used to identify the phytochemical compounds of the medicinal plant M. viridis. The phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, resins, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, and terpenoids appeared in the ethanolic leaf extract of M. viridis. The findings suggest that M. viridis might provide better glycemic control and hypolipidemic effect in diabetic rats when administered alone or combined with oral antidiabetic agents. Incorporating M. viridis extract with metformin in improving hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic conditions in diabetic rats proves that M. viridis has a synergistic effect, which could enhance the antidiabetic activity of oral hypoglycemic agents.

Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of ethanolic and aqueous extracts from Ziziphus oenoplia (L) Mill on alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Objective: To evaluate the antidiabetic and rejuvenating capability of tissues on alloxan induced diabetic rats under the effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Coriandrum sativum. Methods: Diabetic model was prepared by administration of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/ kg i.p). The ethanolic leaf extracts of Coriandrum sativum at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg of body weight were administrated to diabetic induced groups for a period of 28 days. The effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Coriandrum sativum leaf extract on serum blood glucose, insulin, lipase, α- amylase and LDH as well as kidney function test [urea, uric acid, albumin, protein and creatinine] were measured in the alloxan induced diabetic rats. Results: In the acute toxicity study, ethanolic leaf extract of Coriandrum sativum leaf was non-toxic at 2 000 mg/kg in rats. The increased insulin level, albumin and protein level, decreased blood glucose and other biochemical parameters level were observed in diabetic rats treated with both doses of ethanol extract of Coriandrum sativum leaf compared to diabetic control rats. In Histopathological study were revealed toward normal. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of Coriandrum sativum leaf possesses significant antidiabetic and rejuvenating capability of tissues.

Phytochemical and antidiabetic studies of ethanolic extracts and fractions of the fruits of Solanum anomalum Thonn. Ex. Schumach

People living with diabetes mellitus across the world are expected to rise to 592 million by 2035 and the pandemic disease is worst in the developing countries like Nigeria, where the cost of treating/managing diabetes mellitus is relatively out of the reach of many diabetic patients. The study investigated the effect of Anogeissus leiocarpus Guill and Perr ethanolic leaf extract on blood glucose and other biochemical indices in alloxan-induced diabetic adult male Wistar albino rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced in overnight-fasted rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight). Diabetic rats were then treated with the extract for 14 days. Blood glucose, lipid profile and liver glycogen levels were determined. After the treatment with the extract, the fasting blood glucose levels significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in treated diabetic rats (62.2 ± 18.4 mg/dl) compared to untreated diabetic rats (73.8± 8.2 mg/dl). There was also significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the hyperlipidemic parameters. The results revealed that A. leiocarpus ethanolic extract has antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 17(1): 65-72, 2018 (June)

Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activities of ethanolic leaf extract and fractions of Melanthera scandens

The study was conducted to investigate the modulatory activity of ethanol extract of neem leaf on the essential biochemical parameters of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The 24-hour acute toxicity test of the orally administered ethanol extract was determined using Finney’s method. Diabetes was induced in the rats by a single intraperitoneal dose of 50 mg/kgbw of streptozotocin (STZ). Blood was collected after 28 days of treatment and used for biochemical analysis. Biochemical analysis was done using standard biochemical methods. The acute toxicity study of the ethanol extract reveal that the median lethal dose was 5.0 g/kg body weight. The anti-diabetic study carried out for a period of 28 days showed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the fasting blood glucose levels of the animals treated with ethanol extract compared with the diabetic untreated rats. The urea, creatinine, ALT, AST, ALP and bilirubin levels increased significantly (p<0.05) in the diabetic untreated rats compared with the groups treated with the ethanol extract of neem leaf. The serum alpha-amylase activity of the treatment groups decreased significantly (p<0.05) compared with the diabetic untreated group. The diabetic untreated rats showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in their insulin level compared with the insulin levels of animals treated with the ethanol extract of neem leaf. The ethanol extract of neem leaf is efficacious in lowering blood glucose level in STZ-induced diabetic rats by regenerating the beta cells integrity which was seen from the increase in the insulin level of the extract treated rats. It modulates the essential biochemical parameters of diabetic rats favourably towards recovery and improved health.

Introduction: Therapeutic application of medicinal plants is Therapeutic application of medicinal plants is largely based on their chemical contents which synergistically work together in the same or different plants. Aims: This research assessed the synergistic antidiabetic and hypolipidemic potential of ethanol leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina (VAMG) and Croton zambesicus (CZMG) in alloxan-induced diabetic male Wistar rats in other to justify the traditional medicinal application of the extracts as antidiabetic agents. Materials and Methods: The plants were collected, air-dried, and extracted separately in ethanol to produce the respective extracts (VAMG and CZMG). Secondary metabolites in each extract were screened using standard methods. The acute toxicity tests were carried out to determine the median lethal dose (LD50) of the respective extracts. The animals were induced with diabetics using alloxan monohydrate and the ones showing fasting blood glucose of 250 mg/ dL were used for the study. The blood sugar levels and body weights of the diabetic rats were observed after the administration of the different extracts and the combined extracts for 28 days. The effects of the different extracts on lipid profile and hepatic enzymes of the diabetic rats were also studied. Results: The blood sugar levels and body weights of the diabetic rats were observed after the administration of the different extracts and the combined extracts for 28 days. The effects of the different extracts on lipid profile and hepatic enzymes of the diabetic rats were also studied. The extracts contained tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenolics and glycosides. Moreover, the exposure of the alloxan-induced diabetic rats to the combined plant extract (VACZ) caused a significantly (P < .05) reduced fasting blood sugar concentration, serum ALT, ALP, AST, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and VLDL cholesterol, and an increased body weight, total protein and HDL cholesterol. The activity was comparable with the glibenclamide. Conclusion: Thus, the tested leaf extracts contained bioactive components whose synergistic activity could trigger a significant reduction of the blood sugar concentration and regulates the activity of hepatic indices in alloxan-induced diabetic rats than during a single administration. The extracts’ biological activity was comparable to the glibenclamide, and could be used in the development of antidiabetic candidate. The results confirmed the scientific basis of the traditional application of these medicinal plants.

Characterised by abnormal increase in blood glucose level, Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that is associated with complications in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. In recent times, medicinal herbs have been implicated in traditional medical practice for the treatment of this ailment. Studies have shown that Buchholzia coriacea seed possesses some anti-hyperglycemic properties that may be useful in the management of diabetes. To this point, present study investigated the effect(s) of oral administration of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Buchholzia coriacea on some carbohydrate metabolism parameters in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Forty (40) adult rats of both sexes were randomly assigned into two groups (normoglycemic and hyperglycemic). While group 1 (normoglycemic) had normal control, metformin, aqueous extract (250mg/kg) and ethanol extract (250 mg/kg) treated sub-groups respectively, Group 2 (hyperglycemic) contained the diabetic control, metformin, aqueous extract (250 mg/kg), and ethanol extracted (250mg/kg) treated sub-groups dosed daily by oral gavage for 14 days. At the end of the treatment, rats were euthanized via cervical dislocation; blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture for statistical analysis. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that dosing with extracts had insignificant effect(s) on body weight of rats. Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) levels were elevated before and after extracts administration. Metformin, aqueous and ethanol extracts significantly reduced (p<0.05) FBG levels. Also, compared with control, total carbohydrate, liver glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, Lactate Dehydrogenase, Isocitrate dehydrogenase, MDH, SDH, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, G6PD and CcO activities were significantly reduced (p<0.05) in diabetic treated rats. Buccholzia Coriacea was therefore seen to pose hypoglycemic and glycolytic effects, regulating activities of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes. Apparently, there is a scientific merit in the use of the extract in the management of diabetes.

Aims: The study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemical and antioxidant potentials of ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts of Simarouba glauca vis-a-vis standard antioxidants. Study Design: True experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, University of Benin, Benin City. Nigeria, between August and October 2015. Methodology: Samples were harvested, air dried, pulverized and extracted with aqueous and absolute ethanol; freeze dried at the National energy commission centre, University of Benin. Total phenol content was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method, tannin determined according to Folin and Denis methods while flavonoids content was determined according to the methods described by Ebrahimzadeh et al. DPPH radical scavenging activity was conducted based on the ability of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), a stable free radical, to decolorize in the presence of antioxidants. Reducing power activity of extracts was conducted based on test samples extract’ Original Research Article Osagie-Eweka et al.; EJMP, 13(3): 1-11, 2016; Article no.EJMP.24736 2 ability to reduce ferricyanide to ferrocyanide indicated in the colour change. Total antioxidant activity of ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts was determined based on the ability of the sample to reduce the ferric-tripyridyltriazine (Fe (III)-TPTZ) complex to ferrous tripyridyltriazine (Fe(II)-TPTZ) at low pH. Hydroxyl radical activity of extracts was conducted on the principle based on the ability of test samples to reduce H2O2 in the presence of 1,10-phenanthroline. Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity of extracts was conducted based on the ability of test sample to scavenge 2,2’azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical generated based on the principle of decolourization. Nitric oxide (NO.) radical scavenging activity of S, glauca leaf extracts was estimated based on the ability of test samples to scavenge radicals generated by the reaction of naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride. Butylated hydroxytuolene (BHT), Ascorbate, Quercetin and Trolox were standard antioxidant. Results: DPPH radical scavenging activity yielded aqueous and ethanol extracts IC50 values of 3.2144 and 4.9100 μg/ml respectively. Reducing power activity yielded (aqueous and ethanol extracts) EC50 of values 60.3233 and 60.1000 μg/ml respectively. Total antioxidant activity yielded (ethanol and aqueous extracts) IC50 values of 52.4320 and 68.8201 μg/ml respectively. Hydroxyl radical activity yielded (ethanol and aqueous extracts) IC50 values of 49.3130 and 50.2341 μg/ml respectively. Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity yielded (ethanol and aqueous extracts) IC50 values of 45.2015 and 52.0721 μg/ml respectively. Nitric oxide scavenging activity yielded aqueous IC50 value of 14.2102 μg/ml but ethanol extract yielded no inhibition concentration at 50 percent. Conclusion: The study showed that aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of S. glauca demonstrated substantial amount of biochemically valuable phytochemicals and antioxidant potential capable of scavenging reactive oxygen species.

ANTI-DIABETIC EFFECTS OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF ONIONS (Allium cepa) ON ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC WISTAR ALBINO RATS

The number of people with diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing alarmingly from year to year. Efforts to find cheap, safe and effective natural ingredients for DM are becoming increasingly important. This study was aimed to study the antidiabetic and immunostimulant properties of bosibosi (Timonius flavescens) leaves ethanol extract (LEE) in alloxan-induced diabetic female Wistar rats. Diabetic animals (2 mo, 150-190 g bw) were induced by ip administration of alloxan (175 mg/kg bw) after 24 hrs fasting. Animals were randomly distributed into 4 different groups (5 rats each), group I (normal rats, treated with NaCl), gorup II (diabetic rats, treated with N aCl), group III (diabetic, treated with metformin, 250 mg/kg bw), and group IV (diabetic rats, treated with LEE, 500 mg/kg bw). All ingredients (total volume 1 mL) were administered orally for 14 consecutive days. Blood samples were taken from the ventral tail vein on days 0, 7 and 14 for blood glucose determination. On day 14, rats were fasted (24 hrs), anesthetized and cardiac punctured for blood sample (5 mL) for leucocyte analysis. Blood glucose level of diabetic rats with EED (IV) was significantly lower than diabetic mice without LEE (II) (p <0.05). There was no significant difference in blood glucose level between LEE (IV) and normal (I) and metformin (III) rats. LEE also significantly increased the relative weight of lymph, the number of lymphocyte compared to normal (normal, non-diabetic) animals. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of bosibosi leaves has antidiabetic activity and immunostimulant properties.

The antidiabetic activity of Pongamia pinnata ( Family: Leguminosae) leaf extracts was investigated in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. A comparison was made between the action of different extracts of P. pinnata and a known antidiabetic drug glibenclamide (600 μg/kg b. wt.). An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was also performed in experimental diabetic rats. The petroleum ether, chloroform, alcohol and aqueous extracts of P. pinnata were obtained by simple maceration method and were subjected to standardization using pharmacognostical and phytochemical screening methods. Dose selection was made on the basis of acute oral toxicity study (50-5000 mg/kg b. w.) as per OECD guidelines. P. pinnata ethanolic extract (PPEE) and aqueous extract (PPAE) showed significant (P < 0.001) antidiabetic activity. In alloxan-induced model, blood glucose levels of these extracts on 7th day of the study were 155.83 ± 11.211mg/dl (PPEE) and 132.00 ± 4.955mg/dl (PPAE) in comparison of diabetic control (413.50 ± 4.752mg/dl) and chloroform extract (210.83 ± 14.912mg/dl). In glucose loaded rats, PPEE exhibited glucose level of 164.50 ± 6.350mg/dl after 30 min and 156.50 ± 4.089mg/dl after 90 min, whereas the levels in PPAE treated animals were 176 ± 3.724mg/dl after 30 min and 110.33 ± 6.687mg/dl after 90 min. These extracts also prevented body weight loss in diabetic rats. The drug has the potential to act as an antidiabetic drug.

Fruits have important bioactive and dietary components ingredients of our everyday life that plays a major role to cure diseases. Inadequate intake of antioxidant and improved reactive oxygen species is associated with diabetes mellitus. Many of the components were proved to be succeeding to treat several chronic diseases like cancer, cardiovascular, obesity, and diabetes. Fruits which have listed here have dietary fiber which reduces diabetes and cardiac and other diseases also. Fruits like Momordica cymbalaria, Pongamia pinnata, Diospyros peregrina, Xylopia aethiopica, Ficus deltoidea, Prunus avium, Trapa natans, Terminalia pallida and Punica granatum. The fruit aqueous extract of Momordica cymbalaria exposed significant antihyperlipidemic as well as antihyperglycemic administered orally at 0.5 g/kg for six weeks by alloxan-induced diabetic rats. In Pongamia pinnata fruits, compounds called pongamal and karanjin was administered using streptozotocin diabetic rats which decreases the blood glucose level at the dosage of 50 mg/kg for 11.7 and 12.8%, 20.7% at 100 mg/kg individually post oral administration of six hours. An edible fruit of Diospyros peregrina streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetes was achieved in aqueous extract decreases the blood glucose level at the dosage of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight for twenty-eight days. Xylopia aethiopica acetone fraction of ethanol extract was investigated for type 2 diabetes. Streptozotocin was induced by single intraperitoneal injection and animals were treated orally at the dosage of 150 or 300 mg/kg body weight for 4 weeks reduces blood glucose level. Ficus deltoidea fruit was carried out with crude aqueous extract and fractions were estimated for sugars, phenol, protein and flavonoid content. Antidiabetic activity was carried out in water fraction using alpha-glucosidase assay reveals the highest amount of protein 73.33 ± 4.99 μg/mg. Ethanol extract (200 mg/kg) of Prunus avium fruit was administered orally by single intraperitoneal injection using alloxan induced (120 mg/kg) rats which decrease blood glucose level. Trapa natans fruit peel of methanol extract was evaluated for antidiabetic activity by streptozotocin (100 and 200 mg/ kg body weight) induced a diabetic rat which decreases blood glucose level. Terminalia pallida ethanol fruit extract was given intraperitoneal injection using alloxan (150 mg/kg body weight) monohydrate induced for diabetic rats model. Blood glucose levels were significant to at the dosage of 0.5 g/kg body weight. The aqueous ethanol extract of Punica granatum juice sugar for diabetic rats for ten days. Significantly reduces the blood sugar level, total peroxide level, and peritoneal macrophages. The aim of this book chapter reveals that fruit is considered as one of the important dietary ingredients. It has a vital significant role to control and to treat type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Henceforth, encouraging adherence of mentioned fruits was considerable significance to public health.