Antidepressant activity of extracts from the herbs Astragalus varius and Astragalus testiculatus in the “Tail suspension test”

In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous alcoholic crude extract and ethyl acetate extract of miswak sticks (Salvadora persica L.) was investigated in carrageenan induced rat paw oedema in respect to immunological parameters. Adult male sapargue dawely rats were classified into four groups, group I received the vehicle (0.25% gum acacia solution), group II received crude aqueous alcoholic extract orally at 100 mg/kg, group III received ethyl acetate extract (100 mg/kg) orally and group IV received indomethacin (20 mg/kg) orally, and served as standard reference. The oedema was quantified by measuring the hind paw thickness immediately before subplantar injection, and at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h. Blood samples were withdrawn after the 4th hour of carrageenan induction, centrifuged and sera were used for analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Administration of aqueous alcoholic extract and ethyl acetate extract (100 mg/ml) significantly reduced the oedema thickness in a time dependent manner, the inhibition percentage of inflammation was 17% for crude extract and 27% for ethyl acetate extract. Also the two extracts reduced secretion of inflammatory mediators, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor nercrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in serum. The ethyl acetate extract shows potent activity to be nearly the same of indomethacin activity on all determined parameters at the last hour of following up. These results may be due to the presence of flavonoids in ethyl acetate extract. Three major flavonoids were isolated from ethyl acetate extract and identified as apigenin rhamnoglucoside, luteolin glucoside and rutin. The experimental study revealed that Salvadora persica extracts display remarkable anti-inflammatory activity.

Introduction: Depression has multifactorial characters including brain-behavioral disorders, alteration in cognitive psychomotor and emotional process. Millions of people are worldwide suffering from this illness. This disease happens in all ages of men and women. This research tries to introduce a traditional medication in comparison with common chemical antidepressant drugs. This experiment was designed to evaluate probably the antidepressant effect of Citrullus colocynthis fruit extraction. Materials and methods: Thirty-two male mice (Balb/c) was randomly divided to four groups (n=8 each). Animals adapted and treated to diazepam, imipramine, aqueous and hydro alcoholic extract of Citrullus colocynthis fruit. All administrations were done via intraperitoneal 0.2ml/animal. Plant material after grinding was extracted with ethanol and evaporated under reduced pressure. Tail suspension test was carried out to assay the antidepressant effect of plant extraction in animals. The test was carried on before, and as well as 30, 60 and 120 minutes after injections. Results: Our data indicated that after intraperitoneal administration of aqueous and ethanol extract, immobility duration exhibits statistically significant increase compared to agitation phase in all times after injection(P<0.05). Ethanol extract reduced statistically agitation time in 30, 60 and 120 min after injection compared to imipramine. Both aqueous and ethanol extract elevated immobility in minute 60(P<0.5). Conclusion: The present study suggested that Citrullus colocynthis extract could possess potential antidepressant and sedative effects which would be of therapeutic interest for using in the treatment of patients with depressive disorders. We suggest more research in this regard.

The plant leaf of Pergulariadaemia was used for management of depressive state in various traditional system of medicine like Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha. In the absence of substantial pharmacological data, the present study attempts to study the antidepressant activity of Pergulariademia aqueous extract, by using forced swim test and tail suspension test. Animals were grouped into four treatment groups (n=4) and injected with normal saline (control), imipramine-10 mg/kg (Standard drug), Pergulariadaemia aqueous extract 200 and 400 mg/kg (test drug) orally. Duration of immobility was observed for tail suspension test and forced swim test and compared with control (negative control) and imipramine (positive control). The results showed that in both TST and FST, the aqueous extract of Pergulariadaemia at dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly reduced immobility time (p<0.01) in acute studies and further reduced in chronic studies. However, the effect was increased in swimming (P<0.01) and insignificant change in climbing in acute studies and increased in duration of swimming and climbing (P<0.05 and P<0.01) in chronic studies in FST. The aqueous extract of Pergulariadaemia possesses dose dependent antidepressant effect. Current studies confirm the claimed antidepressant activity in selected doses (200 and 400 mg/kg). Keywords: Antidepressant, Pergulariadaemia, tail suspension test, forced swim test, neurotransmitters Cite this Article Iswar Hazarika. Anti-Depressant activity of aqueous leaf extract of Pergularia Daemia in In-Vivo animal models. Research and Reviews: Journal of Neuroscience . 2015; 5(3): 21–26p

Objective: To evaluate Antidepressant and anxiolytic activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic extracts of Ficus religiosa adventitious in albino mice by using Forced swimming test (FST) and Tail suspension test (TST) parameters. Methods: Healthy, adult swiss albino mice of either sex weighing (25-40 g), maintained under standard laboratory conditions, at temperature 25±2 °C and a 12 h light-12 h dark period will be employed for the experimentation. Food and water will be provided ad libitum. The behavioral effects of an acute or sub-acute (10 d course) will be orally administered. “Ficus religiosa” (250 and 500 mg/kg) aqueous and ethanolic extract of adventitious root will be evaluated in male and female Swiss mice by elevated plus-maze (EPM). The effects of diazepam (DZP; 1 mg/kg) will also assess. The Tail Suspension test (TST) will be used to assess the effects of an ethanolic and aqueous extract of Ficusreligiosa (250 and 500 mg/kg) on male and female Swiss mice. Additionally, the effects of fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) will be evaluated. Results: In the present study, we have undertaken the antidepressant activity and anxiolytic activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts Ficus religiosa adventitious in Swiss albino mice, at the dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg with oral administration respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion both the extracts ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Ficus religiosa adventitious have shown significant results as an antidepressant effect and anxiolytic activity using forced swim test (FST) and Tail Suspension test (TST) parameters.

Objective: In the present investigation antidepressant and antianxiety activities of aqueous leaf extracts of Senna alata (200 mg/Kg) were carried out to establish the species as a potent natural antidepressant and anxiolytic drug.Methods: Antidepressant activity was carried out using forced swim test and tail suspension test. In both these tests, the animals were subjected to external stress that results in alteration of the behavior of animal due to fear.The antianxiety activity of aqueous leaf extracts of S. alata has been studied by the elevated plus-maze test in rats. The mean number of entries and the time spent in the open arm after 45 min of the administration of test drug was noted to determine the antianxiety effect of the test drug.Results: For antidepressant activity administration of test drug (200 mg/Kg) showed a significant decrease in the time spent by the animal in state of depression in both the assays which clearly indicates that the aqueous leaf extracts of S. alata exhibited a strong antidepressant activity similar to that of the control drug (Imipramine).In the antianxiety activity, administration of aqueous leaf extract (200 mg/Kg) of S. alata significantly increased the mean number of entries (2.25±0.98) in the open arm and the time spent in open arm (2.23±0.04) compared to the control group. The activity of the extract was slightly greater than standard drug Diazepam.Conclusion: From the above-presented results, it can be concluded that administration of Senna alata aqueous leaf extracts (200 mg/Kg) showed a considerable decrease in both antidepressant and antianxiety activities in all the test animals and can be used in the replacement of commercially available synthetic drugs in the near future.

This study aimed to assess the phytochemical profile and quantify the total phenolic and flavonoid content of Brussels sprouts under two environmental conditions. The phytochemical screening of methanol, aqueous and hydro alcohol extracts of different Brussels sprouts genotypes under open and protected environments was conducted as per standard methods. The total phenolic content was measured by the Folin–Ciocalteu assay and total flavonoid content was measured using the Aluminum chloride method. Phytochemical screening was performed to confirm the occurrence of essential bioactive compounds and results revealed significant variations in phytochemical compositions, phenolic and flavonoid content between the two environments, indicating the influence of environmental factors on secondary metabolites accumulation. Genotype Hild’s Ideal under open environment had the highest phenolic content (26.32 mg GAE/g) with methanol extract, while genotype Urja had the lowest value (6.87 mg GAE/g) with aqueous extracts. The highest total flavonoid content was recorded in genotype Hild’s Ideal (13.92 mg QE/g) using methanol extracts under a protected environment; whereas, the lowest flavonoid content 4.29 mg QE/g, was observed in genotype Urja with aqueous extracts under an open environment. Methanol was identified as the most effective solvent for the extraction of the phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The presence of bioactive compounds suggests potential health benefits, supporting the use of Brussels sprouts as an important medicinal and functional vegetable.

ABSTRACTFicus deltoidea Jack (Moraceae) is a well-known medicinal plant used in customary medication among the Malay people to reduce and mend sicknesses such as ulcers, psoriasis, cytotoxicity, cardioprotective, inflammation, jaundice, vitiligo, hemorrhage, diabetes, convulsion, hepatitis, dysentery injuries, wounds, and stiffness. Ficus deltoidea contains a wide variety of bioactive compounds from different phytochemical groups such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, terpenes, carbohydrates, and proteins. The genus Ficus has several hundreds of species, which shows excellent therapeutic effects and a wide variety of helpful properties for human welfare. Searching information was collected by using electronic databases including Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, SciFinder, PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar. This review is, therefore, an effort to give a detailed survey of the literature on its pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, phytochemical, and pharmacological properties of Ficus and its important species. This summary could be beneficial for future research aiming to exploit the therapeutic potential of Ficus and its useful medicinal species.

Taking into account the peculiarities of the clinical application of antidepressants, namely gradual development of a therapeutically significant effect and a considerable duration of courses of treatment, an important aspect of the experimental study of promising antidepressants is the study of their antidepressant effect in the dynamics in the repeated dose studies. Aim. To study experimentally the dynamics of the antidepressant effect of a promising antidepressant atristamine using the repeated dose design of the experiment. Materials and methods. The tail suspension test was chosen in order to study the dynamics of development of the atristamine antidepressant effect. Atristamine (100 mg/kg/day) and isotonic solution (control group) was injected for 14 days. The studies of depressive behaviour of animals were performed on days 1, 4, 7, 10 and 14 of the experiment. Results. The total immobility time of mice, which in the tail suspension test was the main marker of the antidepressant activity, in the group of atristamine was practically the same as that in the intact control group on the first day of the study (1 hour after single administration). On day 4 of the study, the total immobility time of the animals in the atristamine group was significantly shorter (–26.9 %) than in the intact control group. The latency to the first immobility episode of animals receiving atristamine compared to those of the intact control group was 77 % longer. On day 7 of the study, the immobility time of the atristamine group animals was shorter by 30.2 %, the latency to the first immobility episode increased by 88.2 %, and the average duration of one episode of immobility reduced by 43.5 %. On days 10 and 14 of the experiment, the results of the tail suspension test in the atristamine group confirmed further enhancement of the antidepressant effect of the test compound. The antidepressant activity was 38.4 % and 37.7 %, respectively. Conclusions. There were no significant changes in the main markers of the antidepressant effect in the group of animals receiving atristamine after single administration. This fact can be explained by the effects of pharmacokinetic or pharmacogenetic factors. The analysis of the results in the subsequent periods of the experiment showed that the antidepressant effect of atristamine reached a reliable level on day 4 and continued to increase, on day 7 it achieved the maximum level by all markers of the tail suspension test and remained at this level to the end of the experiment.

Topicality. Today, anxiety is becoming more urgent, due to the changes in social sphere, the intensity of life rhythm and other factors. Therefore, it is relevant to research new medicines based on medicinal herbal raw materials with anti-anxiety and antidepressant effects. The common heather (Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull.) as a prospective species for the Ericaceae family, is also used in many countries as a source of sedative, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agents.Aim. To investigate the water-alcohol and water extracts effect of heather grass on behavioral and emotional reactions in “Porsolt tests” and “Tail suspension test”.Materials and methods. The antidepressant effect of Calluna vulgaris L. extracts in “Tail suspension test” and “Porsolt’s” test studied.Results and discussion. In the “Tail suspension test” when the animals were administered with water-alcohol and water extracts, the total time of immobilization was reduced. The latent period of the first freezing during the introduction of water-alcohol extract was 1.25 times shorter than control. The latent period was longer in 1.14 times the control when the aqueous extract was administered. The total immobility at the administration of water-alcohol extract was the smallest (32.57 s). In the “Porsolt’s test” the water-alcohol extract of the Calluna vulgaris (L.) herb exhibits the highest antidepressant activity on the 1st and 3rd day of the experiment, as evidenced by the largest number of active swimming (190.29 s and 99.57 s) and the least time of immobilization (13.71 s and 15.14 s).Conclusions. Passive swimming time during the administration of the water-alcohol extract of the Calluna vulgaris (L.) herb was the smallest on the 1st day of the experiment (156 s). It has been established that water and water-alcohol extracts of Calluna vulgaris L. herb have antidepressant effect and are superior in activity to St. John’s wort.

Background and objectives Boscia angustifolia A. Rich. is an endemic African species and has various folk medicinal uses. The present study aimed to investigate the polar compounds in B. angustifolia leaves and evaluate the antiviral and antioxidant activities of its extract and its major compound.Materials and methods The isolated compound (ombuin) was identified using chemical and spectroscopic tools (UV, 1H, and 13C NMR), and the polar constituents were characterized using gas chromatography mass spectrometry after silylation.Results and conclusion B. angustifolia A. Rich. leaves yielded 7,4′-dimethoxy quercetin 'ombuin'. Both the aqueous alcoholic extract and ombuin showed moderate antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay with IC50values 41.2 and 16.5μg/ml, respectively. Remarkable inhibition against H5N1 virus was found at concentration 80 μg/μl (63 and 68%, respectively). The gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of a complex mixture of 42 compounds, mainly acids, sugars, and their derivatives.

Pimpinella anisum (P. anisum ) has different pharmacological properties such as anticonvulsant, analgesic, tranquilizer, antidepressant and anti-anxiety effects. In this study the antidepressant-like effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P. anisum fruit in mice was investigated. Forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) were used to determine the antidepressant effects of P. anisum (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, i.p.) fruit extracts. Fluoxetine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) and imipramine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) were used as standard drugs. All the three doses of aqueous and ethanolic extracts (except 50 mg/kg of aqueous extract in FST) significantly and dose-dependently reduced the immobility times in both FST and TST. All doses of extracts increased the swimming time dose-dependently, without any significant change in climbing time. In addition, all doses of ethanolic extract reduced immobility times and increased swimming time insignificantly higher than aqueous extract. But, the two extracts decreased the duration of climbing time similarly. Fluoxetine and imipramine decreased immobility time in both tests. Fluoxetine increased the swimming time without modifying climbing time. In contrast, imipramine increased climbing time without any significant change in swimming time. The results of this study suggest that P. anisum possesses an antidepressant-like activity similar to that of fluoxetine, which has a potential clinical value for application in the management of depression.

In model reactions with a free stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, the antiradical properties of extractives of common yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) growing in the Krasnoyarsk Territory were studied: water-alcohol extracts with an alcohol content of 20, 40 and 70% and essential oil. Whole essential oil is obtained by exhaustive hydro-steam distillation for 11 hours. In addition, separate oil fractions were obtained: the first after 20 minutes from the start of distillation, the second after the next 50 minutes, the third after the next 180 minutes, and the fourth after the next 360 minutes.&#x0D; The results of the DPPH test showed that ARA is minimal for alcohol-soluble substances and increases for aqueous-alcoholic extracts from 20.3% in the case of a 20% extract to 21.8% for a 70% aqueous-alcoholic extract. ARA of the obtained samples of essential oil surpasses the ARA values of aqueous, alcoholic and aqueous-alcoholic extracts. It was found that the APA value for 1 fraction of oil is 29.7% and increases with the transition to subsequent fractions to 54.3%. Whole Yarrow essential oil has an ARA value of 52.8%.&#x0D; According to the ARA value, the extractives of yarrow can be arranged in the following row: whole essential oils&gt; 70% aqueous-alcoholic extract&gt; 40% extract&gt; 20% extract&gt; aqueous extract&gt; 96% alcoholic extract.

Objective(s)This study planned to assess antidepressant like activity of aqueous extract from leaves of Citrus maxima Merr. (Rutaceae).Materials and MethodsBoiling was used for aqueous extraction. Acute toxicity study was performed in mice. Antidepressant activity was studied using locomotor activity test, modified forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). Three doses 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg of aqueous extract of leaves were selected for testing. Fluoxetine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) and imipramine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) were used as the standard drugs. ResultsAqueous extract of Citrus maxima leaves significantly reduced immobility time in both TST and FST. In locomotor activity testing it showed psychostimulant effect. Extract increased the climbing behavior in FST, which is similar to effect observed with imipramine. ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that antidepressant like effect of Citrus maxima seems to be mediated by an increase in norepinephrine level in synapses.

This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory leverage of the aqueous and alcoholic extracts from Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) root as in inhibiting inhibit the growth of the pathogenic bacterium, and fungus in vitro study. Concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 mg.ml-1 were used as aqueous extract and alcohol extract of Asparagus root against selected organisms, which tested using a drilling method, adding a 0.2 ml aqueous extract and alcohol extract of Asparagus root in every per well. Also 0.2 ml of distilled water and methanol alcoholic add as control and tetracycline as an antibiotic. GC/MS test results showed that the Asparagus root extract (ARE) contains various major phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, glycosides, steroid, resin, saponins, and tannins. Also, it was observed that the alcoholic ARE had a higher inhibitory effect than aqueous ARE of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The highest diameter of inhibition at alcoholic extract concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 (mg.ml-1) were 28, 32, 35, and 26, 31, 35 mm respectively for aqueous ARE, compared to other concentrations. Whereas the effect of the aqueous extract was higher for the Pseudomonas 17, 25 and 34 mm compared to other concentrations, except for the antibiotic, which obtained the highest value (41mm). Aqueous extract concentrations 50, 100 and 150 mg.ml-1 showed higher efficiency than alcohol extract, antibiotic and control; when used against the fungus Aspergillus niger, and pathogenic yeast Candida albicans, the retarding diameters were 14, 17 and 23, and 11, 13 and 15 mm, respectively.

Anti-hyperglycaemic activity of the aqueous extract of Origanum vulgare growing wild in Tafilalet region