Abstract
BackgroundAntibiotic resistance is a major public health problem affecting both current and future generations. The influence of environmental factors on antibiotic use and resistance development in bacteria is largely unknown. This study explored the perceptions of healthcare providers on antibiotic use and resistance development in relation to environmental factors i.e. physical, natural, social and behavioural factors.MethodsA qualitative interview study was conducted using face-to-face, semi-structured interviews among registered allopathic doctors, veterinarians and drug dispensers in Orissa, India. The interview transcripts were analyzed using latent content analysis.ResultsThe main findings of this study relate to two themes: 'Interrelationship between antibiotic use, resistance development and environment' and 'Antibiotic management contributing to the development and spread of resistance'. The interviewees viewed the following as possible contributors to antibiotic use/misuse and resistance development: changes in the natural and physical environment i.e. climate variability, pollution, physiography and population growth; the socioeconomic environment affecting health-seeking behaviour and noncompliance with medication; a lack of healthcare facilities and poor professional attitudes; and ineffective law enforcement regarding medicine dispensing and disposal.ConclusionsGenerally, the interviewees perceived that although behavioural and social environmental factors are major contributors to resistance development, changes in the physical and natural environment also influence development of antibiotic resistance. The respondents also perceived that there is a lack of information about, and poor awareness of, what constitutes prudent use of antibiotics. They suggested a need for information, education, dissemination and proper implementation and enforcement of legislation at all levels of the drug delivery and disposal system in order to improve antibiotic use and prevent pharmaceutical contamination of the environment.
Highlights
Antibiotic resistance is a major public health problem affecting both current and future generations
Two major themes ‘Interrelationship between antibiotic use, resistance development and environment’ (Table 2) and ‘Antibiotic management contributing to the development and spread of resistance’ (Table 3) emerged from the analysis
Interrelationship between antibiotic use, resistance development and environment This theme evolved from two categories (i) Influence of ecological factors on antibiotic prescription and (ii) Influence of presence of antibiotics in the natural environment leading to resistance development
Summary
Antibiotic resistance is a major public health problem affecting both current and future generations. This study explored the perceptions of healthcare providers on antibiotic use and resistance development in relation to environmental factors i.e. physical, natural, social and behavioural factors. In general in India, and in Orissa, there is a high incidence of infectious diseases, increasing use of antibiotics by a wide range of health care providers and increasing resistance, associated with commonly occurring indiscriminate use of antibiotics in humans as well as in animals [4,6,7]. In case of Orissa, which is an economically underdeveloped state compared to many other states of India, there exists a large segment of population with economic incapability to use appropriate antibiotics, a lack of an adequate health care system and a pronounced vulnerability to weather related changes due to its geographical location [8]
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