Antibacterial of Endophytic Bacteria from Papaya (Carica papaya) Seeds Againts Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Abstract. Alfarabi M, Siagian FE, Cing JM, Suryowati T, Turhadi, Suyono MS, Febriyamti MS, Naibaho FB. 2022. Bioactivity and metabolite profile of papaya (Carica papaya) seed extract. Biodiversitas 23: 4589-4600. Papaya (Carica papaya) seeds are part of the papaya plant which is a source of organic waste. However, there are many scientific studies thatstate the metabolites found in papaya seeds have various benefits in medical aspects. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to examine the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of California and Bangkok type papaya seeds which are two local papaya types and widely consumed by the people of Indonesia. These papaya seeds'metabolite profiling was also conducted in this study therefore the antioxidant activity and cytotoxic mechanisms can be estimated. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method is used to investigate the antioxidant activity while 3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) isused to investigate the cytotoxic effect of extract. Metabolites contained in papaya seeds were measured by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-QTOF (LC-MS/MS-QTOF). The results showed that California and Bangkok papaya seed extracts had antioxidant activity with IC50being 24.4 ppm and 22.2 ppm, respectively. Both extracts were also able to inhibit the growth of cancer cells (MCF-7) and did not render any toxic effects on non-cancer cells at low concentrations. The metabolites contained in the two extracts were alkaloid, phenol hydrocarbon, flavonoid, fatty acid, and terpenoid groups. This study showed that papaya seeds have the potential to be further developed in medical field, especially as natural antioxidants and natural cancer-preventing ingredients.

Antimicrobial agents are abundant in medicinal plants. Many powerful and useful medications are derived from medicinal plants, which are used in various countries. Carica papaya roots, fruits, bark, seeds, and pulp have been shown to have therapeutic effects. It has been used to treat conditions such as eczema, warts, sinusitis, cutaneous tubercles, dyspepsia, blood pressure, amenorrhoea, and constipation. Carica papaya is a more important medicinal herb that is used as a folk medicine for the treatment of different disorders all over the world. Carica papaya seeds were approved and confirmed in some studies for their effective anthelmintic properties against nematodes found in animals. It is a member of the Caricaceae family. Carica papaya (Papaya) seeds were extracted using a soxhlet apparatus using solvents such as ethanol, methanol, and chloroform. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of extracts at various concentrations (50, 100, and 150 \(\mu\)g/ml) was examined using the agar disc diffusion method with three gramme positive, three gramme negative bacteria, and two fungal species. For antibacterial and antifungal activities, gentamicin and fluconazole were chosen as standard medicines. Methanol and chloroform extracts inhibited gramme negative germs more effectively than ethanol extract. Ethanol and chloroform extracts demonstrated a larger zone of inhibition (10-15 mm) than methanol extract for gramme positive microorganisms. Candida albicans exhibited a 15, 16 mm zone of inhibition in chloroform and methanol extracts at concentrations of 150 \(\mu\)g/ml, respectively. Similarly, Aspergillus niger exhibited a zone of inhibition of 11, 13 mm in 150 \(\mu\)g/ml methanol and chloroform extracts, respectively. According to the findings of these investigations, Carica papaya seed extracts have very strong antibacterial and antifungal activity in both methanol and chloroform extracts.

Activated carbons (ACs) were prepared from papaya seeds with different dry weight impregnation ratios of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) to papaya seeds by using a two-stage self-generated atmosphere method. The papaya seeds were first semi-carbonized in a muffle furnace at 300 °C for 1 h and then impregnated with ZnCl2 before activation at 500 °C for 2 h. Several physical and chemical characteristics such as moisture, ash, pH, functional groups, morphological structure and porosity of prepared ACs were studied and presented here. AC2, with the impregnation ration of 1: 2 (papaya seeds: ZnCl2), yielded a product that had the highest adsorption capacity, 91.75%, achieved after 180min contact time. The maximum Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area of AC2 was 546m2/g. Adsorption studies indicated that AC2 complied well with the Langmuir isotherm (qm=39.683mg g−1) and the pseudo-second-order (qe=29.36mg g−1). This indicated that chemisorption was the primary adsorption method for AC2. The intraparticle diffusion model proved that the mechanism of adsorption was separated into two stages: the instantaneous stage and the gradual adsorption stage. Overall, this work demonstrated the suitability of using papaya seeds as a precursor to manufacture activated carbon.

Endophytic bacteria have many benefits, including increasing plant growth by producing phytohormones, increasing the production of mineral absorption, nitrogen fixation, reducing damage due to weather changes and increasing plant resistance to disease. Based on the above, it is necessary to select endophytic bacteria from various plants to be used as biocontrol agents. This study aims to obtain endophytic bacterial isolates that have the potential as biocontrol agents and plant growth supporters from bamboo shoots, Gamal, Tulsi, Lotus, and Alamanda. This research method includes sampling, endophytic bacteria isolation, hypersensitive, hemolysis, phosphate solvent, chitinolytic, proteolytic, and antagonist tests. Isolation of endophytic bacteria in 5 plants using 22 plant parts had a diversity of isolates. The isolated plant parts produced 1 to 7 isolates that had different morphology. The total isolates obtained were 59 isolates. In antagonistic observations, there was one isolate of endophytic bacteria that showed a clear zone when tested together with S. rolfsii, namely the isolate with code A24 from allamanda flower. From the data obtained, it is known that the endophytic bacterial isolates had an effect on inhibiting the growth of the pathogenic fungus S. roflsii, the endophytic bacterial isolates Consortium, A21 and the endophytic bacterial isolates A22 had no incidence of disease, while the bacterial isolates T00 (Bx) with an average disease incidence of 40% and 30% disease intensity. Meanwhile isolates A23, A24 and A25 had an average disease incidence ranging from 13.3%-26.6%, while controls had the highest disease incidence, namely 53.3% and disease intensity 66.6%.

Background and Aim:The brain is one of the most complex and crucial organs of our body. Its health is a matter of concern for all individuals as the number of aged people is increasing gradually in the world. Carica papaya is a ubiquitous plant, and its different parts possess neuroprotective effects against various neurodegenerative diseases. However, its brain anti-aging effects have remained uninvestigated. Therefore, this study has examined the brain anti-aging strength of C. papaya pulp and seeds extracts in D-galactose-induced aging rats.Methods:The rats were intraperitoneally injected with 150 mg/kg of D-galactose for 8 consecutive weeks to induce brain aging. In parallel, the rats of papaya pulp and papaya seed treated groups were injected with 150 mg/kg papaya pulp extract and 150 mg/kg papaya seed extract, respectively. The negative control group was only injected with 0.9% saline, whereas in the rats of the positive control group along with D-galactose 100 mg/kg VC was injected. After the treatment period, different neurobehavioral, neurochemical, and antioxidant analyses were performed to unmask the anti-aging strength of C. papaya pulp and seeds extracts.Results:C. papaya pulp and seed extracts significantly improved cognitive learning skills, memory, and muscular strength in aging rats while reducing stress and anxiety levels. Moreover, they enhanced neurotransmitters concentration and reduced oxidative stress. However, the anti-aging effects of C. papaya pulp were more significant than seeds.Conclusion:These results suggest that both C. papaya pulp and seed extracts possess neuroprotective effects against brain aging or age-related brain deteriorations but the age-protecting capability of C. papaya pulp is higher than C. papaya seeds. Therefore, it could be utilized as a component to design a novel brain anti-aging drug.Relevance for Patients:Brain aging is a natural process that every individual experiences in his life. The regular consumption of C. papaya can improve the quality of life by protecting neurons from age-related deteriorations.

Industrial effluent contaminants include insoluble substances, heavy metals and organic and inorganic compounds. The textile industry has a hard time dealing with its waste because it contains a lot of different colours and chemicals. To treat industrial effluent, coagulation-flocculation is frequently employed due to its efficacy in removing suspended particles organic matter, turbidity and colour. Conversely, employing a chemical coagulant may result in significant costs and the production of considerable quantities of non-biodegradable waste and metallic byproducts in the treated water, both of which face contamination risks by pollutants and diseases. An environmentally sustainable, non-toxic and biodegradable alternative method under consideration of utilising natural coagulants derived from plants, namely papaya seed and date seed. This study uses different NaCl concentrations to see how well papaya seed and date seed work as natural coagulants in treating textile industry wastewater. NaCl was the solvent and distilled water was used to extract the natural coagulant. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), turbidity, ammonia nitrogen and pH were assessed to evaluate the textile wastewater sample's response to papaya and date seed purification. The experiment's findings indicate that papaya and date seeds possess exceptional coagulation properties. The optimum turbidity reduction efficiency for papaya seed was 61.48% when 30 ml of a 1.0 NaCl concentration solvent was utilised. On the other hand, date seed removed turbidity with an efficiency of 83.96% when 10 ml of a 1.0 NaCl solvent was utilised. Aside from that, 1.0M NaCl was found to be the most effective COD reduction solution for the Carica papaya seed, while 2.0M NaCl resulted in a 56.19% reduction for the date seed. In addition, 30 ml Carica papaya seed coagulant dosage containing 2.0M NaCl produced the most significant reduction in ammonia nitrogen (82.84%). Also, the dosage of 20 ml date seed coagulant containing 2.0M NaCl eliminated 43.33% of ammonia nitrogen. The study's findings illustrated the potential advantages of utilising papaya and date seeds as organic coagulants in the remediation of effluents from the textile industry.

Staphylococcus is one of the most common types of bacteria in Asia that causes local infectious diseases of the skin, nose, urethra, vagina, digestive tract, pneumonia, endocarditis, septic arthritis, and septicemia. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are the most common types of Staphylococcus in Asia. Tea plants contain bioactive compounds and endophytic bacteria which are widely used as antimicrobial agents. Endophytic bacteria are bacteria that exist in plant tissues, not pathogenic, and have the ability as the host plant. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of endophytic bacterial isolates of tea plants (Camellia sinensis) against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. The antibacterial activity test of endophytic bacteria of tea plants includes a series of processes such as sample selection, surface sterilization of samples, isolation of endophytic bacteria in agar medium, screening, suspension of endophytic bacteria in 0.9 % NaCl and standardized with 0.5 McFarland, making endophytic bacterial culture in nutrient broth medium, making endophytic bacterial supernatant and antibacterial activity test with paper disc diffusion method. The result is that there is an antibacterial activity from the endophytic bacterial supernatant isolates B14, B23, and A2 to the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The best antibacterial activity was found in endophytic bacterial B14 isolates with inhibition zones of 7.75 mm and 12.5 mm followed by B23 isolates with 7.5 mm and 8.25 mm inhibition zones and A2 isolates with large inhibition zones of 7.42 mm and 8.16 mm. Endophytic bacteria of tea plants showed antibacterial activity against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.

This study aimed to isolate and characterize endophytic bacteria from black turmeric rhizomes (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb) and test their potential as antibacterial agents against Streptococcus pneumoniae. This experimental research began with the isolation of endophytic bacteria from surface-sterilized black turmeric rhizomes. The obtained pure isolates were characterized macroscopically (colony shape, margin, elevation, pigment) and microscopically (cell shape, Gram staining). The growth curve of potential isolates was determined, and antibacterial activity was tested using the disc diffusion method against S. pneumoniae, with ciprofloxacin as a positive control. Six endophytic bacterial isolates (PS1, PS2, PS3, PS4, PS5, PS6) were successfully isolated, showing variations in colony morphology, and all were classified as Gram-negative bacilli. All isolates exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Streptococus pneumoniae, with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 15.3 mm to 20.6 mm. Black turmeric rhizomes (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb) harbor diverse endophytic bacteria with significant potential as antibacterial agents against the pneumonia pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae.

The present study was conducted to examine the ability of papaya (Carica papaya) seeds in reducing the reproductive performance of Nile tilapia through gonadal sterilization. In the first phase, 9 days fry of Nile tilapia were reared in 50-L size aquaria and fed with normal feed (T1) and papaya seed powder mixed feed @ 50 (T2), 100 (T3), and 150 (T4) g/kg diet at the rate of 5 percent of body weight for 30 days. After 30 days of treatment, 50 fish from each group were reared in outdoor hapa for 6 months with normal feed, and gonadal status was observed. In the second phase, matured fish from both the control and papaya seed treated group (T4@150 g/kg diet) were reared in two separate hapas for the next 3 months to observe their reproductive performance. Results showed that papaya seed feeding had no adverse effect on growth, survival, and water quality during the treatment period. The gonadosomatic index of both males and females was significantly lower in the papaya seed treated group (0.1±0.0 percent) than control (0.2±0.01 percent). The number of fish spawned per week was significantly lower in the papaya seed treated group (1.2±0.2) compared to the control group (3.6±0.3). The number of eggs per g female was significantly lower in the papaya seed treated group compared to the control group. The fertilization rate was significantly lower in the papaya seed treated group (93.6±1.1 percent) compared to the control group (98.2±1.3 percent) (P˂0.05). This study demonstrated that feeding papaya seeds at the dose of 150 g/kg diet (15 percent) can reduce the reproductive performance of Nile tilapia.

Indonesia is a developing country with a dense population, so the government carry on KB (Family Planning) program in which the targets are mostly women. Contraceptives are intended for women are birth control pills and IUD (Intra Uterine Device), whereas until now the contraceptive for men who are considered well-established are condom and vasectomy. Thus, the development of herbal medicine, which is cheap and affordable, makes it possible to be consumed in a long term with less meaningful side effects. Papaya seeds (Carica papaya) is one of the many plants used by communities to eradicate intestinal worms, menstrual laxative, and abortivum. Empirically papaya fruit, leaves, and seeds of papaya also contains carpaine, an alkaloid which is used as anthelmintic. Papaya seeds, which are edible and spicy in India are used for contraception. Alkaloid content in seeds of papaya can be antifertility herbal plants for males that can be measured from the quality of spermatozoa. Alkaloid compounds contained in papaya seeds can disrupt the hormone testosterone, which would interfere the sperm quality, making papaya seed potential to become a candidate for contraceptive.

This decade, papaya seeds are known as waste rich in nutritional and nutraceuticals. However, their high moisture content can increase enzymatic and microbial activity, so drying them is critical. The effect of drying temperature (40 – 85°C) on the drying kinetics and effective moisture diffusivity coefficient (Deff) of papaya seeds under a hot-air oven dryer (HAOD) were investigated. In general, an increase in the drying temperature accelerated the drying process, indicated by a faster drying rate and shorter drying time. At high drying temperatures, the drying process was more dominant in the falling drying rate period than the constant drying rate period. Among the empirical and semi-theoretical thin-layer drying models studied, the logarithmic model is considered the most suitable model for predicting the moisture ratio of drying papaya seeds. Moreover, the Deff values of papaya seeds with and without sarcotesta ranged from 1.2 × 10−11 - 1.41 × 10−10 and 6.2 × 10−11 – 2.23 × 10−10 m2/s respectively, and they increased with the increasing drying temperature. Overall, HAOD shows good drying performance in kinetics and moisture diffusion, and can be applied for drying papaya seeds to safe moisture content. However, evaluations related to the energy consumption, exergy, and nutritional content of the dried papaya seeds need to be carried out in future studies.

Papaya (Carica papaya) seeds together with squash (Cucurbita moschata) seeds was pelleted to be used as dewormer, to determine its antihelmintic effects on growing chicken. They were randomly divided into four treatments and four replication with five birds per treatment was assigned using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with a total of eighty native chickens. The treatments were: Treatment A - Control (commercial dewormer) based on manufacturers recommendation; Treatment B - 75% Squash seeds and 25% Papaya seeds; Treatment C - 50% Squash seeds and 50% Papaya seeds; Treatment D - 25% Squash seeds and 75% Papaya seeds. The birds were treated orally at 2.5g of the pelleted dewormer based on the ratio of the study. In this study Treatment C, shows were highly influential in all parasites present in the chicken but of no significant result, also found to be at a lower cost.

The proximate and selected mineral composition of seeds and skin of ripe matured pawpaw (Carica papaya) were evaluated using standard methods. Ripe matured pawpaw fruits were washed, peeled, cut and the seeds and skin collected, air dried for 14 days at room temperature. The proximate composition determined using AOAC (2000) method revealed 11.02% and 10.22% moisture contents for both seeds and skins. Crude protein of 27.42% for seeds and 14.36% for skin were also obtained. Pawpaw seed contained 27.62% oil while the skin had 2.54% oil. Ash content of 5.22% (seeds), 11.03% (skin) were obtained respectively for the two samples. 8.02% of crude fibre was present in the seeds while 35.23% ash was present in the skin. The carbohydrate contents for both seeds and skin were 19.71% and 37.33% respectively. The selected minerals revealed 6.43mg/100g and 16.23mg/100g Calcium, 720.83mg/100g and 504.33mg/100g Potassium, 4.21mg/100g and 2.73mg/100g Iron while 6.42mg/100g and 1.94mg/100g Zinc were present in papaya seeds and skin respectively. However, it is evident that papaya seeds and skin, which are often discarded, contained essential nutrients that are useful for both humans and animal.

Background: Medicinal plants are well-known natural sources of remedies, used in the treatment of innumerable diseases since antiquity. Wide range of medicinal plant extracts are used to treat several infections as they have potential antimicrobial activity. Objectives: This study was aimed to investigate antibacterial activity of Carica papaya leaf and seed with different solvents against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. The leaves and seeds of Carica papaya were dried, powdered and extracted with 80% of Acetone, Ethanol, Methanol and water. Disc diffusion method was used for the antibacterial assay and measuring the zone of inhibition, and the MIC was determined by broth macro dilution method. Results: The highest percent yield of crude extract72.5% was obtained from Carica papaya leaf with Methanol, Ethanol and Acetone as solvents while, the lowest yield 24% was obtained from Carica papaya seed with Acetone extract. All Crude extracts from the different plant parts showed antibacterial activity. Accordingly, Carica papaya Seed with Ethanol extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity 14.3±1.2 (mm) against P. aeruginosa which was lower than standard antibiotic disc Ciprofloxacin with inhibition zone of 25.9 ±0.00 (mm), while the lowest inhibition of 3.8±0.5 (mm) was recorded from Carica papaya leaf with Ethanol crude extract against E. coli. The MIC of 12.5mg/ml was observed from Ethanol crude extract of Carica papaya seed on P. aeruginosa. Crude seed extract of Ethanol showed the highest antibacterial activity. The results of the antibacterial assay of the crude extract of Carica papaya (leaf and seed) with four different solvents showed zone of inhibition against all tested bacteria. However, among the plant parts of Carica papaya included in the current study, the seed of Carica papaya were found to be the best source of antibacterial agents. Conclusion: In this study, limited (only leaf and seed parts) of Carica papaya was tested for its antimicrobial activity. So, the same work should be carried out on different parts of Carica papaya plant like; bark, root, flower and fruits on antibacterial activities so, as to have a clear picture of the spectrum of antibacterial activity of the plant.

Carica papaya Linn and Balanites eagyptiaca Del. fruits, commonly known as papaya and balanites, are widely used as food, while the seeds are mostly discarded despite their medicinal properties. This study highlights the nutritional value of papaya and balanites seeds, as medicinal herbal teas. The analysis of the physicochemical properties and the proximate composition was performed, based on standard methods. Atomic absorption method was used for minerals determination, High Performance Liquid Chromatography method for the amino acids profile determination and Gas chromatography mass spectrophotometer for fatty acids analysis. The results showed a low moisture content of papaya compared to balanites. The pH ranged from 5.85 to 6.11 for balanites and from 5.02 to 5.86 for papaya seeds, associated with an acidity ranged from 0.47 to 1.52 for papaya and from 0.72 to 0.76 for balanites seeds. The papaya and balanites seeds both presented high contents of lipids (30.36 to 46.23 g/10g), proteins (34.93 to 35.62 g/10g) and essential minerals content (mg/100g), such as potassium (35-68 and 40-95), calcium (366-439 and 238-261), and magnesium (131-312 and 104-260). Except of Thr, all targeted amino acids were detected, with a higher content of essential amino acids in the papaya seeds. Twenty-five (25) fatty acids, including α-linolenic acid, an omega 3, were quantified and, an appreciable diversity and values of fatty acids were observed. The infusion and decoction processes did not impact the nutritional value. These appreciable nutritional values of papaya and balanites seeds constitute an additional value to their primary use as medicinal herb teas. They could contribute to increase a speedy recover during medical cares.