Antibacterial, Antifungal and Subchronic Toxicity Test of Ficus deltoidea Jack Leaves Extract

Background: Excessive free radicals cause oxidative stress which is dangerous for the body. The number of free radicals in the body can be controlled with the presence of antioxidants. Kelakai leaves (Stenochlaena palustris.) are known to have activity as an antioxidant which has the potential to become an ingredient in herbal medicine. Purpose: To prove whether there is a toxic effect of administering kelakai leaf extract on the kidneys of Wistar rats based on analysis of blood urea and creatinine levels. Method: A pure experimental study with a posttest-only with control group design method, there were 4 groups consisting of 1 negative control group and 3 treatment groups who were given kelakai leaf extract orally for 28 days and then analyzed the blood urea and creatinine levels of the Wistar rats. Results: The average values of urea and creatinine levels in the three treatment groups were still within the normal range. There was a significant difference in the urea levels of all groups (p<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the creatinine levels of treatment groups 2 and 3 (p>0.05). Conclusion: Kelakai leaf extract given orally for 28 days did not cause toxic effects on the kidneys of Wistar rats based on analysis of blood urea and creatinine levels.

Background and aim: Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) develop many metabolic changes in blood that often necessitate frequent biochemical analysis. Serum analysis is an invasive and painful procedure. It would be highly beneficial if a noninvasive alternative process to serum analysis in children were identified. Saliva can be collected noninvasively, repeatedly, and without the use of healthcare personnel. The aims of this study were to compare serum and salivary urea and creatinine levels in children with CKD and healthy controls, and to determine if salivary creatinine and urea levels can be used to diagnose CKD in children as accurately as serum creatinine and urea levels.Materials and methods: This case–control study included 35 children with CKD and 28 healthy children as controls. Saliva and blood samples were collected for measurement of urea and creatinine levels. The urea and creatinine levels in serum and saliva in the CKD and control groups were compared using the independent samples Mann–Whitney U test. Correlations between the serum and salivary urea and creatinine levels were determined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to assess the diagnostic performance of salivary creatinine and cutoff values were identified.Results: In the CKD group, the mean salivary creatinine level was 0.45 mg/dL and the mean salivary urea level was 0.11 mg/dL, versus 28.83 mg/dL and 21.78 mg/dL, respectively, in the control group. Stage 4 and 5 CKD patients had a mean salivary urea level of 31.35 mg/dL, as compared to 17.78 mg/dL in the control group. Serum urea and creatinine, and salivary creatinine were significantly higher in the CKD patients (regardless of disease stage) than in the controls (p < .05). The salivary urea level was significantly higher in the stage 4 and 5 CKD patients than in the controls (p < .05). There was a positive correlation between serum and salivary creatinine. The area under the curve for salivary creatinine was 0.805. The cutoff value for salivary creatinine was 0.125 mg/dL, with a sensitivity of 82.9% and specificity of 78.6%.Conclusions: Based on the positive correlation between the serum and saliva creatinine levels observed in the present study, we think saliva analysis could be used as a noninvasive alternative to blood analysis for diagnosing CKD in children.

ABSTRACTBackground: The use of herbal medicinal plants by the community is increasing because the side effects are smaller than chemical-based drugs. One of the medicinal plants is ironwood because of its flavonoid and phenolic compounds which have the potential as antioxidants. Ironwood needs to be known for its toxicity, by performing an oral subchronic toxicity test on the kidneys of wistar rats with urea and creatinine parameters. Objective: Proving that the administration of ironwood bark extract at doses of 524.5 mg/mL, 1151.5 mg/mL, and 1775.5 mg/mL orally for 28 days had no toxic effect on the kidneys of wistar rats with parameters of urea and creatinine. Methods: Pure experimental research with posttest-only with control group design, consisting of 4 groups, each of which contained 4 wistar rats with 1 negative control group and 3 treatment groups given ironwood bark extract at a dose of 524.5 mg/mL, 1151, 5 mg/mL, and 1775.5 mg/mL. It was carried out for 28 days and on the 29th day the rats were taken blood and examined for urea and creatinine levels. Results: In the 3 treatment groups, urea values were 41, 42, and 32.35 mg/dL and creatinine was 0.725, 0.725, and 0.65 mg/dL and the results also showed that there was no significant difference in urea levels (p=0.076) and creatinine (p=0.076). 0.065) in each group. Conclusion: Ironwood bark extract dose 524.5 mg/mL, 1151.5 mg/mL, and 1775.5 mg/mL was not toxic to the kidneys of wistar rats with parameters of urea and creatinine. Keywords: Creatinine, Ironwood bark extract, Toxicity, Urea.

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt;: The porang tuber (&lt;em&gt;Amorphophallus oncophyllus&lt;/em&gt;) is a functional food containing glucomannan that has many advantages in health. However, porang flour can not be consumed, because the high content of calcium oxalate that have the risk on kidney disease. It can be reduced by physical or chemical treatment. Keji beling (&lt;em&gt;Strobilanthes crispa &lt;/em&gt;L. Blume&lt;em&gt;)&lt;/em&gt; has been proved for its function in dissolving the calcium oxalate, but its uses in decreasing of calcium oxalate has not been studied yet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives&lt;/strong&gt;: To evaluate the effect of porang flour on ureum levels of wistar rat blood in acute toxicity test.&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods&lt;/strong&gt;: The research was experimental with pre and post without control group design. The samples were 20 female Wistar rats, aged 8-10 weeks with body weight of 100-180 grams. Rats were divided into 4 groups of treatment those were native porang with the dose of 2000, 5000 mg/kg of body weight, porang flour with soaking of extract at the dose 2000 and 5000 mg/kg of body weight. Porang was incorporated orally into the mouth of rats after 18 hours of adaptation. At the 24&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; and 72&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; hours after treatment, the bloods were collected and analyzed for their ureum levels.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;: The statistical test showed that there was an effect of porang flour with and without soaking of keji beling extract before and after treatment on ureum level at the dose of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight, however there was no significant difference ureum level of the same dose at 24&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; or 72&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; hours, except on the dose of 2000 mg / kg weight at the 72&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; hour. Results of observation between the 24&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; hour compared to the 72&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; hour showed that there was no significant difference of urea value (p&amp;gt; 0.05). Increased levels of ureum was influenced by the calcium oxalate content contained in porang flour. In TPM, ureum level was higher than that in TPK.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;/strong&gt; : The increase in urea levels was still in normal range, therefore porang flour is still safe for consumption.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="WordSection1"&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;KEYWORDS&lt;/strong&gt;: acute toxicity, porang flour, urea, keji beling&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Diabetes mellitus is a disease that often causes diabetic nephropathy complications due to persistent hyperglycaemia. Phaleria macrocarpa (scheff. Boerl) is one of the plants that has been widely used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, but its effect on the risk of diabetic nephropathy is still unknown. A dose of 300mg / 200gbb / day is known as an effective dose that can significantly reduce blood sugar levels in diabetic rat. The Streptozotocin Effect (STZ) causes damage to the pancreas and causes hyperglycaemia. This study aims to compare the effect of Phaleria macrocarpa (scheff. Boerl) fruit extracts on urea and creatinine levels as a parameter of kidney function in hyperglycaemic mouse models. The study was carried out experimentally using the post-test only with control group design. Fifteen white rats were divided into 3 groups. All rats were induced with 40 mg / 200gbb of Streptozotocin (STZ) to experience hyperglycaemia. Group I as negative control was given aquades. Group II was given ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (scheff. Boerl) with a dose of 300 mg / 200gbw / day. Group III was given Metformin at a dose of 150 mg / 200gbw / day. On the 22nd day of treatment, blood specimens were taken for examination of urea and creatinine levels. The research data were statistically analyzed with α &lt;0.05; CI95%. The mean of urea levels in Group I (79.80 ± 25.09 mg / dl), II (76.00 ± 22.59 mg / dl and III (59.60 ± 6.35 mg / dl). Kruskal-Wallis test results showed no significant difference in urea levels between treatment groups (p value = 0.273; CI95%). The mean of creatinine levels in Group I (0.68 ± 0.07 mg / dl), II (0.63 ± 0.14 md / dL) and III (0.98 ± 0.25 mg / dL). One Way Anova and Post hoc test results showed a significant difference in mean creatinine levels between Groups I and III (p = 0.014; 95% CI) and II with III ( p value = 0.006; CI95%). the results of this study can be concluded that the extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (scheff. Boerl) fruit flesh at a dose of 300 mg / 200gbb has better effectiveness than metformin dose 150 mg / 200gbb in repairing the kidney function of hyperglycaemia rats.

Introduction: Clean air is hard to find these days, especially in big cities where industries and motor vehicles contribute to air pollution. It is almost about 85% of air pollution is caused by the emission of motor vehicles. One of the contaminants which are produced is lead. The lead which accumulates inside the tissues of the body will cause disorder mainly to the urinarius system (kidneys), liver, hematopoetic system, cardiovascular, and reproduction system. The objective of this research is to find out the correlation between the dosage of lead exposure with the level of serum ureum and creatinine on wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus).&#x0D; Method: This research applies a simple experimental research design which is called the post-test only control group design. This research participates with 6 research groups, that is, 4 for the treatment groups and 2 for the control groups. On the treatment groups, firstly, wistar rats are treated in a way which they are given a gradable dosageof acetic leads per orally. The level of acetic leads given in Treatment 1 (P1) is 1.1 ml, Treatment 2 (P2) is 0.825 ml, Treatment 3 (P3) is 0.55 ml, and Treatment 4 (P4) is 0.25 ml. After 24 hours (of acute exposure), the rats are anethesized by diethyl ether and then continue take the blood through the intracardiac. On control, on the other hand, no treatment at all is given to the rats. On Control 1, previously, the rats are anethesized with diethyl ether. On Control 2, however, they are not anesthesized but do decapytation.&#x0D; Result: Researchers have found the result that there is no significant correlation between the dosage of lead exposure towards the level of serum ureum and creatinine on wistar rats from the experiment of Control 1 and Control 2 (p&gt;0.05). Researchers have found that the more reduced the dosage of the acetic lead, the more increasing the average of serum ureum. As for the creatinine, researchers have seen that there is no significant difference in the value between the treatment group and control group. Researchers have also found that there is no significant difference between the level of serum ureum and the level of creatinine on control group 1 and control group 2 (p&gt;0.05). On the other hand, it is seen that there is difference on the value of ureum and creatinine in control 1 and in control 2.&#x0D; Conclusion: After conducting the experiment, researchers have found the result that there is no significant correlation between the dosage of lead exposure towards the level of serum ureum and creatinine on wistar rats from the experiment of Group 1 and Group 2 (p&gt;0.05). On the other hand, it is seen that there is difference on the value of ureum and the value of creatinine in control group 1 (anesthesized with ether) and in control group 2 (without ether).

Obstructive jaundice is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Major complications such as pulmonary dysfunction, renal failure and sepsis are frequently encountered. Recent studies and observations suggest that the free oxygen radicals (FORs) produced in obstructive jaundice may play a significant role in the etiopathogenesis of acute renal failure (ARF). Thirty rats were divided into three groups, as sham, control and treatment groups containing 10 rats each. Laparatomy was performed on each animal in the control and treatment groups and common bile ducts were ligated. Common bile duct was observed but was not ligated for the rats in the sham group. Saline solution injection was begun on the first day of surgical procedure and repeated once a day during the following 5 days. The same procedure was performed with oxygen radical scavenger dimethyl sulfoxide (1.5 mg/kg/day i.p.) instead of saline in the treatment group. The rats were sacrificed on the 7th postoperative day. On the 7th postoperative day, the bilirubin, urea and creatinine levels of the control and treatment groups were significantly higher in comparison with the sham group (p < 0.01). Although there was no statistically significant difference between the bilirubin levels of the control and treatment groups (p > 0.05), the urea and creatinine levels in the treatment group were significantly lower (p < 0.01). On the 7th postoperative day, the erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels of the control and treatment groups were significantly lower than those of the sham group (p < 0.01), whereas renal and erythrocyte malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly higher (p < 0.01). Although SOD and GSH-Px levels did not differ significantly between the treatment and control groups (p > 0.05), renal and erythrocyte MDA levels of the treatment group were significantly lower than those of the control group (p < 0.01). The histopathological scores were significantly higher in the control and treatment groups (p < 0.01); there was no significant difference between the control and treatment groups (p > 0.05). FORs seem to play a significant role in the etiopathogenesis of renal failure in obstructive jaundice. Antioxidant treatment may decrease oxidative damage due to FORs and may prevent renal failure.

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a fruit that possesses antioxidant, antibacterial, antihistamine, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties. Before this, an acute toxicity test was conducted on the ethanol extract of mangosteen rind. However, further testing is required, specifically the subchronic toxicity test, to identify any hazardous effects that may not have been found in the previous study. The objective of this study is to evaluate the amount of toxicity based on the mortality rate, alterations in the relative weight of the kidneys, and changes in renal function as shown by levels of urea and creatinine. This study is an experimental investigation that employs the Post-test Only Control Group Design methodology, with a sample of 40 rats. The rats were categorized into two groups: the control group and the treatment group. The treatment group was divided into three subgroups, each receiving a dosage of 250 mg/kg body weight. The doses were 500 milligrams per kilogram and 1000 milligrams per kilogram of body weight, respectively. The control group received simply water and feed. The duration of the treatment was 28 days. Observations were conducted over 28 days, which involved monitoring animal mortality. On the 29th day, a surgical procedure was carried out to assess the comparative weight of the kidneys and collect blood samples for analyzing the levels of urea and creatinine. The findings demonstrated no mortality in the test subjects, although there was an elevation in the relative mass of the kidneys and an increase in urea concentrations. The increase in urea levels was observed in female rats using the Kruskal–Wallis test (P = 0.019). The study was further conducted using the post-hoc Mann–Whitney test. Control female rats exhibited notable disparities when administered dosages of 250 mg/kgBW and 500 mg/kgBW. The repeated administration of an ethanolic extract derived from the peel of the mangosteen fruit had a detrimental impact on the functioning of the kidneys, as evidenced by a rise in urea concentrations. Keywords: mangosteen, toxicity test, subchronic, kidney

In chronic kidney disease (CKD) toxins accumulate in the muscles and cause fatigue, mental impairment, and muscle dysfunction (cramps). Exercise results in the opening of capillaries thereby increasing blood flow and allowing greater movement of urea and creatinine from the tissues to the vascular compartment and subsequent removal through dialysis. An experimental study of 64 CKD patients (32 each in experimental and control group), six low-intensity intra-dialytic exercises (IDE) were implemented for experimental group using video demonstration at 90 min after initiation of hemodialysis (HD) repeated thrice at an interval of 10 mins. Pre- and post-HD serum urea, creatinine, and fatigue levels were assessed at baseline, two, four and six weeks. Fatigue was measured using FACIT scale. Significant difference was found between the control and experimental group in serum urea, creatinine and fatigue levels (P = 0.007, P = 0.001, P = 0.001) at six weeks post HD. The experimental group showed a significant decrease in creatinine levels from baseline to six weeks (P = 0.04). Ninety-seven percent of patients were compliant to low-intensity IDE with patients feeling better and comfortable along with decrease in felt fatigue levels. No significant association was found between duration of illness, duration of maintenance HD and comorbidities and serum urea, serum creatinine, and fatigue levels (P = 0.5, P = 0.21, P = 0.78). The present study shows low-intensity IDE when performed regularly, was effective in decreasing serum urea, creatinine, and fatigue levels of CKD patients undergoing HD with vital signs remaining within the normal range. No overt complications were reported; hence, the exercises were safe.

SAT-238 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF LOW INTENSITY INTRADIALYTIC EXERCISES ON SERUM UREA, CREATININE AND FATIGUE OF HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS

Urolithiasis is one of the most common and frequent diseases in the world, developing most often in people of working age. In the development of urate nephrolithiasis (UN), an important role is played by a violation of purine metabolism in the form of hyperuricemia and hyperuricuria. Nowadays, hyperuricemia is often associated with metabolic syndrome (MS) and cardiovascular disease (68.8%). A direct correlation was established between the level of uric acid and the components of MS. Objective: to study changes in purine metabolism in patients with comorbid urateurolithiasis with metabolic syndrome during complex therapy. Object and research methods. The study involved 117 people. The indicators obtained from donors were taken as normal. All patients are divided into two groups: the main group, in which 79 people were diagnosed with urate nephrolithiasis (UN) comorbid with metabolic syndrome (MS). The control group included 38 patients in whom UN was detected. Patients in the control group were prescribed traditional therapy: the anticholinergic drug ribal, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug dexalgin in therapeutic dosages, urolite U in granules depending on the pH of the urine (6,2–6,8), allopurinol. Patients of the main group on UN comorbid with MS, depending on the nature of therapy, were divided into the 1st main subgroup (42 patients) and the 2nd main subgroup (37 people). Along with traditional therapy, patients of the 1st main subgroup were prescribed drugs that correct metabolic disorders depending on their presence and severity: lipid-lowering and antidiabetic drugs, allopurinol, liprazide. In the 2nd main subgroup, patients with UN comorbid with MS were prescribed traditional therapy: the anticholinergic drug riabal, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug dexalgin in therapeutic dosages, urolite U in granules depending on the pH of the urine (6,2–6,8), allopurinol. All patients underwent general clinical tests of blood and urine, urine according to Nechiporenko, bacteriological examination of urine, uric acid in the blood and daily urine, creatinine, urea, bilirubin, blood electrolytes, glomerular filtration rate, overview and intravenous urography, urinary tract ultrasound, kidney dopplerography, radioisotope renography. The study of indicators was carried out before treatment, after 7 and 14 days, after 1,5–2 months and after 3–6 months. The diagnosis of MS was based on the detection of central obesity type in patients with UN and additional criteria that indicate the presence of MS (hyperglycemia, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia). The results of the study showed that in patients with UN the state of uric acid (UA) metabolism, as a stone-forming substance in the blood and urine, and the functional ability of the kidneys were significantly worsened compared to normal. When UN was associated with the signs of MS, these indicators were significantly worse in comparison with the norm and in comparison with patients with UN, which indicated a pathogenetic relationship between purine metabolism disorders and MS manifestations. In patients with UN in the control group, the level of uric acid in the blood and urine significantly increased before treatment compared with the group of healthy individuals. However, the level of uric acid in the blood of patients of the main group was significantly higher than in patients with UN. Nitrogen-excretory function in patients of the control group at the beginning of treatment was significantly reduced, as evidenced by an increase in the level of urea, creatinine in the blood and a decrease in glomerular filtration rate relative to normal and more than in patients with UN comorbid with MS. In patients of the 1st main subgroup, a decrease in uric acid in urine was observed on day 7 in comparison with the previous term. On day 14, the level of uric acid in the blood significantly decreased and after 1,5–2 months in the blood and urine was significantly less than with the traditional treatment of patients of the 2nd subgroup. At the end of the observation, after 3–6 months, a significant decrease in the level of uric acid in the blood remained relative to the values of the previous terms and relative to the indicator of the 2nd subgroup. In urine, this indicator was significantly lower than in the 2nd main subgroup with conventional therapy and relative to the norm. The blood urea level in patients of the 1st main subgroup at the beginning of treatment was significantly higher than normal values and did not differ from the indicator of patients of the 2nd main subgroup. Starting from day 7, the urea level significantly decreased and after 14 days until the end of the observation it did not differ from the norm and was less than in patients of the 2nd main subgroup with conventional therapy. Blood creatinine on the 7th day of the study in patients of the 1st main subgroup with UN comorbid with MS significantly exceeded the value of the 2nd subgroup with conventional therapy. After 1,5–2 months and until the end of the observation, the creatinine level in the 1st main subgroup decreased and was less than in patients of the 2nd subgroup. The glomerular filtration rate after 7 and 14 days remained almost unchanged in patients of both groups. After 1,5–2 months, the level of this indicator in patients of the 1st subgroup increased and after 3–6 months significantly exceeded it in patients of the 2nd main subgroup. Thus, the violation of uric acid in blood and urine and the level of creatinine, blood urea, glomerular filtration rate in patients with UN comorbid with MS of the 1st main subgroup improved with the use of drugs that correct the manifestations of the components of MS, in contrast to treatment only with traditional means. Conclusions. 1. In patients with urateurolithiasis comorbid with metabolic syndrome, the level of uric acid in the blood and urine before treatment is significantly higher than in patients with urate nephrolithiasis and is normally and pathogenetically related to the components of the metabolic syndrome. 2. With urateurolithiasis comorbid with metabolic syndrome, the functional state of the kidneys according to the level of blood creatinine and blood urea and glomerular filtration rate is significantly worse than in patients with urate nephrolithiasis. 3. In patients with comorbid UN with MS, due to agents that correct metabolic disorders, after 3–6 months there was an improvement in purine metabolism and kidney function, which is explained by a significant decrease in the level of UA in blood and urine, the level of urea and blood creatinine and an increase in glomerular filtration rate compared to conventional therapy.

Examination of serum urea and creatinine levels is an important indicator in assessing the physiological function of the kidneys. Consumption of durian, which is rich in potassium, may increase the risk of hyperkalemia, especially in patients with chronic kidney disorders. One of the popular durian species in Indonesia is Durio zibethinus, which is native to the forests of Sumatra, Malaysia and Kalimantan. Its complex nutritional content may affect kidney function if consumed in excess. This study aims to evaluate the effect of durian (Durio zibethinus) pulp administration on changes in kidney function, especially urea and creatinine levels, in male Wistar white rats (Rattus norvegicus L.). This study used a true experimental design with a posttest-only design with control group design. A total of 24 rats were divided into four groups: negative control, positive control, and two treatment groups with durian fruit pulp in graded doses for 28 days. Measurement of ureum and creatinine levels was performed, and data analysis used One-Way ANOVA test with Bonferroni and Kruskal-Wallis post hoc. Durian administration in graded doses in the treatment group showed a significant effect on increasing ureum and creatinine levels compared to the negative control group (p &lt; 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between treatment groups (P1, P2, and P3) (p&gt; 0.05). Administration of durian fruit pulp at graded doses has a significant effect on increasing ureum and creatinine levels, indicating changes in kidney function in Wistar rats. This finding underscores the importance of regulating durian consumption, especially for individuals at risk of renal impairment.

Safety evaluation of a polyherbal formulation containing hydroalcoholic extracts of Hippophae salicifolia, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Ocimum tenuiflorum, and Reinwardtia indica in rodents anti-oxidant properties [5] .Reinwardtia indica (family Linaceae) contains saponins, which could potentially help in the management of hyperglycemia [6][7] .We conducted acute and sub-acute oral dose toxicity studies of the test formulation in Swiss albino mice and albino Wistar rats, respectively.Single doses (10 to 5,000 mg/kg) were administered orally to mice.No treatment related deaths or clinical signs of toxicity were recorded at any of the doses at two weeks after drug administration and the lethal dose 50% of the test drug was greater than 5,000 mg/kg.For the sub-acute toxicity assessment, the doses employed ranged from 100 to 800 mg/kg•day (and vehicle as the control), which, in most cases, is acceptable as the limit dose for toxicity studies [8] .The formulation was administered orally to rats for either 14 or 28 days during which food intake and body weight were monitored.At the end of the treatment period, organ weights and haematological and biochemical parameters were measured along with a histopathologic examination.No treatment-emergent toxicities or mortality was observed.Additionally, no treatment related changes in the behaviour of the rats were observed.There was a small and insignificant reduction in body weight and food consumption of the rats in the treatment groups compared with the control group (Table 1), suggesting that sub chronic administration of the test formulation did not affect the normal growth of rats.Similarly, there were no significant changes in the weight of the organs (brain, liver, kidney, heart) following either 14 or 28 days of treatment at any of the doses compared to the controls.Haematological parameters including haemoglobin, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were found to be all within the normal range in both the control and treatment groups (Table 2), with

Study aimed to know effect of aqueous extract of radish seeds and its role in reducing and maintaining levels of glucose, insulin hormone, and effect on kidney functions represented by levels of creatinine and urea in blood, as well as its role in alleviating tissue changes in kidneys. Twenty-four rats were used and divided into three equal groups: first (non-diabetic), second group, control group, in which experimental diabetes was induced with streptozotocin at a dose of 50 mg/kg, and third group, diabetic, treated with aqueous extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg for two periods (three and six weeks). After that, blood samples were collected to measure levels of glucose, insulin hormone, urea and creatinine. Tissue changes in kidneys were also examined. Results showed a significant difference in glucose levels for diabetic control group after injection with STZ and a significant decrease in aqueous radish group after six weeks compared to period after STZ injection. Results also indicate a significant decrease in concentration of Insulin hormone after induction compared to healthy control group. After six weeks of treatment with extract, an increase in level of insulin hormone was observed compared to period after injection. Results also indicate an increase in level of urea and creatine in blood serum after inducing diabetes. After a period of treatment with this extract, a decrease in level of urea and creatine was observed compared to period after injection.

Background: Kidney failure and nephropathy, defined as a dysfunctional kidney with a decline in ultrafiltration and a rise in blood urea and creatinine levels, are frequently caused by diabetes. Aim: The motive of this research was to evaluate the concentration of blood urea and creatinine in individuals with diabetes, and also to examine the relationship between these parameters and the duration of diabetes as well as glycosylated hemoglobin concentration. Methods: Concentrations of urea and creatinine in the blood were evaluated in samples of Juvenile diabetes and Diabetes mellitus patients attending diabetic clinics as well as non-diabetic patients in a tertiary hospital. For the study, 144 male participants between the ages of 35 and 55 were chosen for each group. All trial participants' fasting blood sugar, post-meal blood sugar parameters, and glycosylated hemoglobin were ascertained. The relationship between blood creatinine and urea levels, glycosylated hemoglobin, and length of illness in all diabetes participants was examined. Results: In the type 1 study group, blood creatinine and urea levels were correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin levels and the length of diabetes, but not with the Diabetes mellitus study group. Serum creatinine (F-value = 50.96) and urea (F-value = 33.4) levels increased statistically significantly in the diabetes groups relative to the control group. Conclusion: Creatinine and urea are straightforward and practical indicators that can be used as predictive assays to evaluate the condition of the kidneys (nephropathy) in individuals with diabetes. Recommendations: Intensive treatment can address elevated HbA1c levels in diabetes, but it may not reverse rising serum urea and creatinine caused by permanent kidney damage. Early detection and intervention are crucial to control glomerular injury and prevent further increases in serum urea and creatinine levels.