Abstract
Polyprenols separated from lipids are promising new components from Ginkgo biloba L. leaves (GBL). In this paper, ginkgo lipids were isolated by extraction with petroleum ether, saponification, and molecular distillation. Eight known compounds: isophytol (1), nerolidol (2), linalool (3), β-sitosterol acetate (4), β-sitosterol (5), stigmasterol (6), ergosterol (7), β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (8) and Ginkgo biloba polyprenols (GBP) were separated from GBL by chromatography and identified mainly by NMR. The separated and identified compounds 1, 2 and 3 are reported here for the first time in GBL. The 3D-DAD-HPLC-chromatogram (190–232 nm) of GBP was recorded. This study provides new evidence as there are no previous reports on antibacterial/antifungal activities and synergistic interactions between GBP and the compounds separated from GBL lipids against Salmonella enterica, Staphylocococus aureus and Aspergillus niger. Nerolidol (2) showed the highest activity among all the tested samples and of all mixture groups tested the GBP with isophytol (1) mixture had the strongest synergistic effect against Salmonella enterica among the three tested strains. A proportion of isophytol and GBP of 38.19%:61.81% (wt/wt) was determined by mixture design as the optimal proportion for the synergistic effect of GBP with isophytol against Salmonella enterica.
Highlights
Ginkgo biloba L., the sole surviving species of the division Ginkgophyta, is considered as a living fossil due to its survival for over 180 million years
We recently reported on analysis of light distillates containing mainly volatile oil, chainlike alcohols and sterols separated by molecular distillation from the non-saponifiable fraction of Ginkgo biloba L. leaves (GBL) based on Py-GC-MS [10]
We report that eight known compounds and Ginkgo biloba polyprenols (GBP) can be separated from non-saponifiable lipids of GBL
Summary
Ginkgo biloba L., the sole surviving species of the division Ginkgophyta, is considered as a living fossil due to its survival for over 180 million years. Ageta’s research concluded that ginkgo lipids mainly consisted of 10% of fatty acids, 15% of esters, 75% of wax esters, aldehydes and long-chain alkanols [3] It was shown in the 1970s that the non-saponifiable fraction of GBL lipids could be crystallized from alcohol-acetone and ethyl acetate to yield β-sitosterol, [4]. It was reported that non-saponifiable lipids of GBL contained terpenoids, polyprenols, sterols, chainlike alcohols (ketone, ester) and so on. We recently reported on analysis of light distillates containing mainly volatile oil, chainlike alcohols (ketones, esters) and sterols separated by molecular distillation from the non-saponifiable fraction of GBL based on Py-GC-MS [10]. We report that eight known compounds and GBP can be separated from non-saponifiable lipids of GBL by saponification, refrigeration, chromatography and identified by NMR analysis. Antifungal activities and synergistic interactions between GBP and compounds separated from GBL lipids are examined according to the study route followed (Figure 1)
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