Anti-Modernism and Anti-Urbanism as Ideological Foundations of Urban Exhibitions of Slovak Culture and Art in the Nazi and Fascist “New Europe”

Background/objectives: Inadequate HIV care for hard-to-reach populations may result in failing the UNAIDS 90–90–90 goal. Therefore, we aimed to review the HIV continuum of care and hard-to-reach populations for each step of the continuum in Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe.Methods: Euro-guidelines in Central and Eastern Europe (ECEE) Network Group were created in February 2016. The aim of the network was to review the standards of HIV care in the countries of the region. Information about each stage of HIV continuum of care and hard-to-reach populations for each stage was collected through on-line surveys. Respondents were ECEE members chosen based on their expertise and involvement in national HIV care. Data sources (year 2016) used by respondents included HIV Clinics electronic databases, Institutes of Public Health, Centres for AIDS Prevention, and HIV Programme Reviews.Results: The percentage of people living with HIV (PLHIV) linked to HIV care after HIV diagnosis was ranged between 80% and 96% in Central Europe, 51% and 92% in Eastern Europe and 80% and 100% in South-Eastern Europe. The percentage of PLHIV who are on ART was ranged from 80% to 93% in Central Europe, 18% to 92% in Eastern Europe and 80% to 100% in South-Eastern Europe. The percentage of people virologically suppressed while on ART was reported as 70–95%, 12–95% and 62–97% in Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, respectively. All three regions reported people who inject drugs (PWID) as hard-to-reach population across all HIV continuum stages. Migrants were the second most reported hard-to-reach population. The proportion of late presenters among newly diagnosed ranged between 20% and 55%, 40% and 55% and 48% and 60% in Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe, respectively. Four countries reported ARVs’ delivery delays resulting in treatment interruptions in 2016: two (25%) in South-Eastern, one (20%) in Central and 1 (16.7%) in Eastern Europe.Conclusion: Irrespective of the diversity in national HIV epidemics, countries from all three regions reported PWIDs as hard-to-reach population across all HIV continuum stages. Some countries are close to the UNAIDS 2020 goals, others need to strive for progress. However, differences in data sources and variations in definitions limit the utility of continuum of care as a comparative tool.

In the last decade, substantial differences in the epidemiology of, antiretroviral therapy (ART) for, cascade of care in and support to people with HIV in vulnerable populations have been observed between countries in Western Europe, Central Europe (CE) and Eastern Europe (EE). The aim of this study was to use a survey to explore whether ART availability and therapies have evolved in CE and EE according to European guidelines. The Euroguidelines in Central and Eastern Europe (ECEE) Network Group conducted two identical multicentre cross-sectional online surveys in 2019 and 2021 concerning the availability and use of antiretroviral drugs (boosted protease inhibitors [bPIs], integrase inhibitors [INSTIs] and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors [NRTIs]), the introduction of a rapid ART start strategy and the use of two-drug regimens (2DRs) for starting or switching ART. We also investigated barriers to the implementation of these strategies in each region. In total, 18 centres participated in the study: four from CE, six from EE and eight from Southeastern Europe (SEE). Between those 2 years, older PIs were less frequently used and darunavir-based regimens were the main PIs (83%); bictegravir-based and tenofovir alafenamide-based regimens were introduced in CE and SEE but not in EE. The COVID-19 pandemic did not significantly interrupt delivery of ART in most centres. Two-thirds of centres adopted a rapid ART start strategy, mainly in pregnant women and to improve linkage of care in vulnerable populations. The main obstacle to rapid ART start was that national guidelines in several countries from all three regions did not support such as strategy or required laboratory tests first; an INSTI/NRTI combination was the most commonly prescribed regimen (75%) and was exclusively prescribed in SEE. 2DRs are increasingly used for starting or switching ART (58%), and an INSTI/NRTI was the preferred regimen (75%) in all regions and exclusively prescribed in SEE, whereas the use of bPIs declined. Metabolic disorders and adverse drug reactions were the main reasons for starting a 2DR; in the second survey, HIV RNA <500 000 c/ml and high cluster of differentiation (CD)-4 count emerged as additional important reasons. In just 2 years and in spite of the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, significant achievements concerning ART availability and strategies have occurred in CE, EE and SEE that facilitate the harmonization of those strategies with the European AIDS Clinical Society guidelines. Few exceptions exist, especially in EE. Continuous effort is needed to overcome various obstacles (administrative, financial, national guideline restrictions) in some countries.

Sorbus subgenus Aria in Europe consists of sexual diploid and predominantly apomictic polyploid taxa. Tetraploid taxa of Sorbus subgenus Aria, including S. danubialis and S. collina, are endemic to central Europe, but it is unclear from which taxa or populations they originated. South-eastern European taxa of subgenus Aria were suggested to have contributed to the tetraploids S. danubialis and S. collina by polyploidization or hybridization. Genetic microsatellite data, flow cytometry and multivariate morphometrics were used (1) to investigate the genetic relationship of the tetraploid taxa throughout Europe, (2) to disentangle the population structure of diploid S. aria from central and south-eastern Europe and (3) to use the resulting subgroups for estimating the parentage of polyploids. Parentage analyses revealed that the allele patterns of the polyploid central European taxa such as S. danubialis and S. collina and other as yet undescribed polyploids from south-western Germany could be explained in most cases by recurrent crosses between diploid S. aria from south-eastern and central Europe. These origins are discussed in the context of historical biogeography. Furthermore, we report the exceptional case of a polyploid subgenus Aria population from south-western Germany showing no clonal genetic structure at all, making its taxonomic treatment challenging.

Throughout Europe and within various historical and socio-economic conditions, Slovaks have formed many enclaves and diasporas. In order to investigate common cultural and ethnic characteristics and/or differences between Slovaks in Slovakia and the various diasporas that they formed in relationship with majorities of their host countries, we suggest the usage of the cartographic method. Namely, during the 1997-1999 the Institute of Ethnology of the Slovakian Academy of Science used the cartographic method to analyze various complex questions relating to the traditional culture and ethnic history of many Slovakian minorities in the countries of Central Europe: in Poland, Ukraine, Romania and Hungary. The project was named Traditional Culture of Slovakian Minorities in Central Europe - the application of ethno-cartographic method in research and comparison of cultural manifestation. The project yield positive results and in 2000-2002 proceeded with yet another scientific project: Traditional Culture of Slovakian Minorities in Southeastern Europe - the application of the cartographic method in research and comparison of cultural manifestations once more, the data were obtained on the traditional folk culture of the Slovakian enclaves in Vojvodina and Croatia. The cartographic method used in both projects enabled researchers to document relevant data in a relatively short period of time. A solid foundation was created for a scientific synthesis of selected topics that deal with the traditional culture of Slovakian minorities in Central and Southeastern Europe, and its comparisons with the parent country culture. The cartographic method is widely used in Slovakia, in some 250 sites. Further, the scientific project of the Institute of Ethnology of the Slovakian Academy of Science named Traditional Culture of Slovakian Minorities in Central and Southern Europe as an integral part of their cultural inheritance (In between cultural stability and acculturation) that started in 2003, should document various mutual influences between the Slovakian minorities and socio-cultural systems of their host populations. That is, the project should establish a degree of the Slovakian minorities' assimilation or cultural stability in a given region.

Marius Turda’s Modernism and Eugenics is a significant addition to an ever-expanding and evolving eugenics historiography. Turda, who is Deputy Director of the Centre for Health, Medicine and Society at Oxford Brookes University, seeks to enrich our understanding of eugenics by exploring its relationship to modernism in various European countries between 1870 and 1940. Modernism and Eugenics is the first volume of the series Modernism and…, edited by Roger Griffin, and an insightful contribution to Turda’s extensive body of work on nationalism, race and eugenics in central and southeastern Europe. Turda significantly enhances and complicates the history of eugenics by advancing several compelling claims that engage with central historiographical themes. First, he argues that eugenics needs to be conceptualised ‘not only as a scientistic narrative of biological, social and cultural renewal, but also as the emblematic expression of programmatic modernism’ (p. 2). Second, Turda suggests that eugenics was not simply a sideline to European cultures or a momentary extremist episode, but rather a central component of European modernity. He elaborates these arguments by carefully analysing the ways in which eugenics and modernist ideologies dovetailed in visions of national regeneration, and how European citizens became both perpetrators and targets of scientific regulation that blurred distinctions between the individual and collective body, and the private and public sphere. Third, he demonstrates the value of studying national eugenics within a comparative, international framework by emphasising the interplay between universal philosophies and local applications of eugenics. His multidisciplinary study, which draws on conceptual intellectual history, works to redress the historiographical neglect of eugenics in southeastern and central Europe. It also contributes to the history of science by challenging the ‘mythology of the autonomy of science’ through an exploration of modernism and eugenics that stresses the interconnectedness of science, politics, and social practices (p. 119). Modernism and Eugenics is comprised of four thematicallyorganised chapters that chart the convergence of eugenics and programmatic modernism, from the development of the scientific ethos of eugenics, to the establishment of the bio-political state. Eugenics emerged in the latenineteenth century as both a critique of, and solution to, the ‘anomie of modernity’ by refiguring the individual and national body within a biological discourse (p. 7). Turda emphasises that although eugenics was taken up by European countries in various ways (in France through puericulture, in Germany as racial hygiene), all eugenic programmes were based on the ‘politicisation of science’, a belief in the importance of heredity to one’s physical state, and the overlapping of medicine, biology and national health (p. 7). Turda chronicles how eugenics became increasingly integral to modernist re-imaginings of the nation, particularly after WWI through what he calls ‘the biologisation of national belonging’ whereby the individual and the nation were conceptualised as biological entities whose regulation would create social cohesion and bring about national palingenesis (pp. 6–7). He sees eugenics and modernist visions culminating in the bio-political states that emerged in the 1930s and 40s in fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, but also in Romania, Hungary and many other European countries. Turda’s comparative analysis, which is based on such sources as national and international conference proceedings and specialised journals, is quite impressive as he illuminates points of convergence and divergence in the eugenics movements of countries as diverse as France, Romania, Britain, Hungary, Germany, Czechoslovakia and Greece. However, since Turda touches briefly on eugenics in many different national contexts without sketching a rich outline of the movement in any one country, some prior knowledge of the history of eugenics is advised in order to fully appreciate the intricacy and sophistication of his arguments. As Turda notes in his introduction, this study is a contribution to a eugenics historiography that is mature enough to embrace a trans-disciplinary, comparative approach that engages with the topic of modernism. Modernism and Eugenics would therefore be best appreciated by historians of eugenics, science and medicine, with a working historical knowledge of European eugenics.

There is now considerable evidence that in Europe, babesiosis is an emerging infectious disease, with some of the causative species spreading as a consequence of the increasing range of their tick vector hosts. In this review, we summarize both the historic records and recent findings on the occurrence and incidence of babesiosis in 20 European countries located in southeastern Europe (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia), central Europe (Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Luxembourg, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Switzerland), and northern and northeastern Europe (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Iceland, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, and Norway), identified in humans and selected species of domesticated animals (cats, dogs, horses, and cattle). Recorded cases of human babesiosis are still rare, but their number is expected to rise in the coming years. This is because of the widespread and longer seasonal activity of Ixodes ricinus as a result of climate change and because of the more extensive use of better molecular diagnostic methods. Bovine babesiosis has a re-emerging potential because of the likely loss of herd immunity, while canine babesiosis is rapidly expanding in central and northeastern Europe, its occurrence correlating with the rapid, successful expansion of the ornate dog tick (Dermacentor reticulatus) populations in Europe. Taken together, our analysis of the available reports shows clear evidence of an increasing annual incidence of babesiosis across Europe in both humans and animals that is changing in line with similar increases in the incidence of other tick-borne diseases. This situation is of major concern, and we recommend more extensive and frequent, standardized monitoring using a “One Health” approach.

Geo-kinematic investigations in Slovakia and the region of Central and Southeastern Europe based on combination of permanent and epoch-wise GPS networksThe region of Central and Southeastern Europe is covered by numerous GPS networks investigating geo-kinematical behavior of this area. These activities started in early nineties within the several projects as CERGOP and CERGOP-2/Environment. In this paper we describe the process of combination of four networks located in the region of Central and Southeastern Europe using the CATREF (Combination and Analysis of Terrestrial REFerence Frame) software developed in Institute Geographique National in France. We were particularly interested in the CEPER (Central European Permanent Network), CEGRN (Central European Geodynaminc Reference Network), SGRN (Slovak Geodynamic Reference Network) and local network TATRY shortly described in this paper. Homogeneous velocity field obtained from the final combination is for the purpose of better interpretation divided into three parts: Central Europe, Slovakia and Tatra Mountains. Main interest is focused on the territory of Slovakia where the regional velocity field is not so frequently discussed in scientific community as the case of Central and Southeastern Europe.

Paléolithique supérieur et Mésolithique en Méditerranée : cadre culturel

This collective monograph is a comprehensive study of the causes, evolution and outcomes of complex processes in the contemporary history of the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, and aims in particular to identify common and special characteristics in their socio-economic and political development. The authors base their work on documentary evidence; both published and unpublished archival materials reveal the specifics of the development of the political landscapes in these countries. They highlight models combining both European and nationally oriented (and even nationalist) components of the political spheres of particular countries; identify markers which allow the stage of completion (or incompletion) of the establishment of a new political system to be estimated; and present analyses of the processes of internal political struggle, which has often taken on ruthless forms. The analysis of regional and country-specific documentary materials illustrates that the gap in the development of the region with “old Europe” in general has not yet been overcome: in the post-Socialist period, the situation of the region being “ownerless” and “abandoned”, characteristic of the period between the two world wars, is reoccurring. The authors conclude that during the period from the late twentieth to the early twenty-first centuries, the region was quite clearly divided into two parts: Central (the Visegrad Four) and South-Eastern (the Balkans) Europe. The authors explore the prevailing trends in the political development of Hungary and Poland related to the leadership of nationally and religiously oriented parties; in the Czech Republic and Slovakia the pendulum-like change in power of the left and right-wing parties; and in Bulgaria and Romania the domestic political processes permanently in crisis. The authors pay special attention to the contradictory nature of the political evolution of the states that emerged in the space of the former Yugoslavia. For the first time, Greece and Turkey are included in the context of a regional-wide study. The contributors present optimal or resembling transformational models, which can serve as a prototype for shaping the political landscape of other countries in the world. The monograph substantiates the urgency of the new approach needed to study the history and current state of the region and its countries, taking into account the challenges of the time, which require strengthening national and state identity. The research also offered prognostic characteristics of transformational changes in the region, the Visegrad Four, and the Balkans.

Between the Danube and the Caucasus: a collection of papers concerning oriental sources on the history of the peoples of Central and South-Eastern Europe. Edited By György Kara. (Oriental Sources on the History of the Peoples of South-Eastern and Central Europe, 4.) pp. 373, illus., map. Budapest, Akadémiae Kiadó, 1987., £23.75. - Volume 4 Issue 1

BackgroundThe dynamic re-emergence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in south Europe and the northward shift to Leishmania-free European countries are well-documented. However, the epidemiology of VL due to Leishmania infantum in southeastern (SE) Europe and the Balkans is inadequately examined. Herein, we aim to re-evaluate and compare the population structure of L. infantum in SE and southwestern (SW) Europe.MethodsLeishmania strains collected from humans and canines in Turkey, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Greece, Albania and Croatia, were characterized by the K26-PCR assay and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE). Genetic diversity was assessed by multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) and MLM Types were analyzed by model- and distance- based algorithms to infer the population structure of 128 L. infantum strains.ResultsL. infantum MON-1 was found predominant in SE Europe, whilst 16.8% of strains were MON-98. Distinct genetic populations revealed clear differentiation between SE and SW European strains. Interestingly, Cypriot canine isolates were genetically isolated and formed a monophyletic group, suggesting the constitution of a clonal MON-1 population circulating among dogs. In contrast, two highly heterogeneous populations enclosed all MON-1 and MON-98 strains from the other SE European countries. Structure sub-clustering, phylogenetic and Splitstree analysis also revealed two distinct Croatian subpopulations. A mosaic of evolutionary effects resulted in consecutive sub-structuring, which indicated substantial differentiation and gene flow among strains of both zymodemes.ConclusionsThis is the first population genetic study of L. infantum in SE Europe and the Balkans. Our findings demonstrate the differentiation between SE and SW European strains; revealing the partition of Croatian strains between these populations and the genetic isolation of Cypriot strains. This mirrors the geographic position of Croatia located in central Europe and the natural isolation of the island of Cyprus. We have analysed the largest number of MON-98 strains so far. Our results indicate extensive gene flow, recombination and no differentiation between MON-1 and MON-98 zymodemes. No correlation either to host specificity or place and year of strain isolation was identified. Our findings may be associated with intensive host migration and common eco-epidemiological characteristics in these countries and give valuable insight into the dynamics of VL.

Review Article Nationalism,HistoryandIdentityin theBalkans: An Overviewof Recent Historiesof Europe's South-East DEJAN DJOKIC Benson, Leslie. rugoslavia. A Concise History.Palgrave,Basingstokeand London, 2001. XXX + 20 I pp. Maps. Glossary. Chronology. Notes. Bibliography.Index. 1i6.99. Biondich, Mark. Stjepan Radic,theCroat Peasant Party,andthePoliticsof Mass Mobilization, I904-1928. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Buffalo, NY, and London, 2000. xi+ 344 pp. Notes. Bibliography.Index. [40.00;[i6.oo. Crampton, R. J. 7The BalkansSincetheSecondWorldWar.Longman/ Pearson, London and New York, 2002. xxxiv + 374 pp. Maps. Tables. Notes. Bibliography.Index. [i 6.99 (paperback). Mazower, Mark. TheBalkans. From theEndofByzantium tothePresent Day. Phoenix Press,London, 2002 (thirdimpression;firstpublishedby Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000). XVi+ 176 pp. Maps. Chronology. Guide to furtherreading.Notes. Index. [6.99 (paperback). Pavlowitch, Stevan K. A History oftheBalkans, i804-1945. Longman/ Pearson, London and New York, I Viii? 375 pp. Maps. Glossary. Guide to further reading. Notes. Index. [i6.99 (paperback). Pavlowitch, Stevan K. Serbia:TheHistory Behind theName.Hurst & Co., London, 2002. Xii + 252 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. CI4.95 (paperback). IF Europe's nineteenth century was marked by the formation of modern nations, the twentieth century could be describedas an era of theirattempteddestruction.Greatachievementsin the fieldsof human and minority rights and an unprecedented revolution in science, medicine and computer technology cannot be separated, when one looks back at the last century, from conflicts which aimed to kill or expel those belonging to a 'wrong'nation and/or ideology. Millions of innocent civilians died and an equally horrifying number of people were forced to migrate, forever changing the ethnic map of the Dejan Djokic is Lecturerin ContemporaryHistory at BirkbeckCollege, Universityof London. His edited book Yugoslavism: Historiesof a FailedIdea, I9I8-I992 is published by Hurst & Co. (London) and University of Wisconsin Press (Madison, WI), 2003. 512 RECENT HISTORIES OF EUROPE S SOUTH-EAST continent. Wars, revolutionsand ideological conflictswere part of the history of most of Europe at one point or another during the short twentieth century, whose 'legacy' has enriched modern vocabularies with terms such as 'genocide', 'holocaust', 'population transfers',and 'ethnic cleansing'. Yet, there is a popular tendency in the West to associateEurope's'darkside'almostexclusivelywith its South-East. In the political and popular discourse in both the West and the region itself, the term 'Balkans',increasinglyhidden behind its more acceptable pseudonym 'South-Eastern Europe', usually implies the place of recurrentcivilwars,political assassinations,'ethnic cleansing', 'ancient ethnic and/or religious hatreds'. 'To Balkanize' means, according to all major dictionaries and thesauri, to divide into a number of small, mutually hostile units. No wonder then that the Balkanpeoples themselvesdo not wish to be in the Balkans,preferring instead to escape to 'South-Eastern'or 'Central' Europe, if 'Europe' itselfremainsan aspiration. Like 'CentralEurope', the Balkansis much more of a political than a geographical construct. Unlike 'Central Europe', however, no one wants to be associatedwith it. It is temptingto suggestthat the Balkans actuallydoes not exist,because it isusuallyclaimedthatit is somewhere else; even its most central regions tend to protest against being describedas Balkan Bulgarianairlinesnotwithstanding.'As Stevan Pavlowitch writes in the concluding chapter of his excellent, and inexplicablyoverlookedby reviewers,historyof the Balkans: Somepartsof thepeninsulaaresaidto be Mediterranean (ifnot actually north Atlantic), or Latin (hence virtually western European), or central European (and woe to anyone who dares hint at the Balkans there), or Alpine (if not actually Austrian) [. .] That leaves only the dregs who are stuck 'in the Balkans' because they are no longer 'in Europe' [ . .] The toponym easilybecomes an insult,meaning non-Europe or the darkside of Europe.2 Several years ago a festival of'Central European culture', held in London and organized by the Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, included works of Bosnian artists (presumably because Bosnia-Herzegovina was part of the Habsburg Empire between I878 and I9 I8), while in November 2002 the Central European Initiative held its summit in Skopje, the capital of Macedonia (CEI, which started as Quadrilateral Co-operation, founded in I989 by Austria, Hungary, Italy and Yugoslavia, now includes, among other countries, Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and even Belarus). A recent trend in Serbia has been to use the term 'western Balkans', with an emphasis on 'western'. Greeks often speak of 'Greece and the Balkans', while many Romanians prefer to see...

Language and Area Studies: East Central and Southeastern Europe, A Survey. Edited by Charles Jelavich. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1969. xix, 483 pp. $11.50. - East Central Europe: A Guide to Basic Publications. Edited, with a preface, by Paul L. Horecky. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1970. xxv, 956 pp. $27.50. - Southeastern Europe: A Guide To Basic Publications. Edited, with a preface, by Paul L. Horecky. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1970. xxiv, 755 pp. $25.00. - Volume 30 Issue 2

The aim of the paper is to examine the stock market integration between Western Europe and selected countries of Central (Austria, Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, and Slovenia) and South-Eastern Europe (Greece, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia, Bulgaria, and Romania). In order to achieve this goal, we used a bivariate BEKK model to obtain time-varying covariances and correlations for the period April 15, 2013 - March 29, 2019. Our results showed that Austria has the highest degree of integration among countries in Central Europe, followed by the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary. Additionally, Greece has the highest degree of integration among all countries in South-Eastern Europe, followed by Romania, and Croatia. Thus, stock markets of Central Europe are more integrated with Western Europe than stock markets of South-Eastern Europe.

The eight states, which since 1945 have been organised on Marxist—Leninist principles, are commonly referred to collectively as Eastern Europe, but it would be more appropriate to speak of them as comprising_‘East Central and Southeastern Europe’. Although there has always been much disagreement over the extent and definition of the major regional divisions of Europe, the term ‘Eastern Europe’ has commonly included the so-called European Russia, while much of the study area was before 1945 included in the vaguely defined but conceptually live Central Europe. Likewise, South-eastern Europe has come to have a wider connotation than its predecessor, the Balkans. In common usage, Eastern Europe has come to mean in the last quarter of a century the eight states associated with the Soviet Union through their political ties in the immediate post-war years, so that the German Democratic Republic has been included under a label which was unthinkable before 1945. In nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century Europe, central Europe was a real image, but the division of Europe between conflicting ideologies in the years of the Cold War split it asunder, leaving only a vacuum, so that it is now a term seldom heard. Whatever arguments may be made to the contrary, we must accept that common usage has made a bodily shift in the concept of Eastern Europe, from which the Soviet Union is now generally excluded.