Abstract
Objective: Unexplored in-vivo anti-melanoma bio-efficacy of the plant Madhuca longifolia (bark) has been carried out against C57BL/6 mice.
 Methods: Optimized experimental conditions of phytofabrication of gold nanoparticles were as follows: flavonoid content (1 ml, 0.5 mg/ml), sodium tetrachloroaurate dihydrate solution (2 ml, 1 mM), and sonication (15 min, 20 KHz) at pH 4. The optical properties; ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), particles size and zeta potential (Zetasizer), miller indices; X-ray diffraction (XRD), morphology; field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), particle size; high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), surface roughness; atomic force microscopy (AFM) and elemental composition; and energy dispersive X-rays (EDX) of flavonoid loaded gold nanoparticles. In-vivo anti-melanoma bio-efficacy has been carried out against C57BL mice. Radioisotopic, hematological, and histopathological studies were carried out using standard procedures.
 Results: Redox potential of the total flavonoid extracted from the bark of the plant (Madhuca longifolia) has been used for the fabrication of flavonoid loaded gold nanoparticles (F@AuNp) and confirmed for the first time their significant anti-melanoma bio-efficacy. The finding is supported by hematological and histopathological studies carried out in the organs (liver, kidney, and intestine) of C57BL mice. The significant enhancement in phytofabricated F@AuNp compared to native bark extract of the plant has been assigned to enhanced stay period and nanosizing, biocompatibility, nontoxic nature, and enhanced beneficial payload to the cancerous cells.
 Conclusion: Such phytofabricated gold nanoparticles possess an admirable prospect for the expansion of herbal nanomedicine for anti-melanoma bio-efficacy.
Highlights
Recent realization that folk plants indicated for various bio-efficacies should be established scientifically and to make the use of their active template molecules in biomedical research
Relevant literature indicates the presence of flavonoid in a substantial amount in the plant Madhuca longifolia
The fact has motivated us to quantify the presence of total polyphenolics and flavonoids in the target plant and to study their role toward in-vivo anti-melanoma bio-efficacy
Summary
Recent realization that folk plants indicated for various bio-efficacies should be established scientifically and to make the use of their active template molecules in biomedical research. Plant secondary metabolites such as vinblastine, vincristine, etoposide, teniposide, taxanes, camptothecin, irinotecan, and topotecan have been well recognized as antioxidants and anticancer bio-agents for direct inhibition of cell proliferation [1,2,3,4,5]. Phytochemical screening of various parts of the plant Madhuca longifolia has been restricted mainly to qualitative analysis, exploring the presence of polyphenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins alkaloids, glycosides, and large series of plant acids [29]. Madhuca longifolia is a folk plant of our current interest aiming for its nanoscale pharmacological perspectives
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