Abstract
Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai (P. pyrifolia) has been traditionally used in East Asia to treat diseases such as phlegm, cough, hangover, and fever. However, there is no investigation that evaluates the biological activities of the leaves of P. pyrifolia. This study aims at describing the anti-inflammatory effects of PP, a bioactive fraction from the leaves of P. pyrifolia, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP-1 cells. Initially, PP decreased the protein and RNA expression of TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-8, and IL-6 induced by LPS. Moreover, PP attenuated the phosphorylation of p38, JNK, and ERK. In addition, after stimulation with LPS, the degradation of IκB-α was suppressed by PP, and the phosphorylation of IκB-α and p65 was suppressed by PP. Additionally, PP increased HO-1, which controls the production of inflammatory molecules, by activating Nrf2. These results indicated that PP could be used as an anti-inflammatory drug to promote wellness.
Highlights
Inflammation is one of the biological defences against harmful stimuli and risk factors such as pathogens [1] and is involved in numerous human diseases like restenosis, hypertension, and atherosclerosis [2]
It is well known that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) primarily recognizes LPS and induces inflammatory and immune responses through the production of inflammatory molecules via the activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways [5,6,7]
Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai was collected from Jeongeup-si, Jeollabukdo, Korea, in 2002. e leaves of P. pyrifolia (110 g) that were dried in the shade and ground into a powder were added to methanol solvent (1 L, HPLC Grade) and extracted through 30 cycles at room temperature using an ultrasonic extractor (SDN-900H, SD-ULTRASONIC Co., Ltd.)
Summary
Inflammation is one of the biological defences against harmful stimuli and risk factors such as pathogens [1] and is involved in numerous human diseases like restenosis, hypertension, and atherosclerosis [2]. It is well known that TLR4 primarily recognizes LPS and induces inflammatory and immune responses through the production of inflammatory molecules via the activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways [5,6,7]. Monocytes have been known to release proinflammatory mediators and regulatory proteins that respond to inflammation and oxidative stress in response to LPS. THP-1 cells are involved in the inflammatory process and have the ability to produce and secrete pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines [17]. Us, this study hypothesized that the biological active fraction from the leaves of P. pyrifolia has anti-inflammatory property by directly targeting inflammatory signaling while targeting molecules indirectly associated with inflammation as antibacterial effect by antiradical activity [20]. The antiinflammatory effect of PP was investigated in various experiments and LPS was used to induce inflammation in THP-1 monocytes
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