Abstract
BackgroundPrunus yedoensis (PY) is a traditional anti-allergy and anti-inflammatory herb medicine used in South Korea. However, until date, little is known regarding its mechanism of action.MethodsIn order to elucidate the mechanism of anti-inflammatory effect of PY, the constituents of PY were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production were measured enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA). The expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were also measured by western blotting in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells treated with PY.ResultsThe results indicate that (50, 100 μg/mL) methanol and ethyl acetate fractionation extracts of PY not only inhibited LPS-mediated NO production and iNOS expression, but also decreased LPS-induced PGE2 production and COX-2 expression. The anti-inflammatory effects of PY were also due to the attenuation of nuclear translocation of NF-κB, as evaluated by the use of anti-p50 on nuclear fractions. LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB decreased significantly by the methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of PY. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses revealed that methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction have similar patterns of retention time and peaks.ConclusionOur results demonstrate that methanol extracts and the ethyl acetate fraction of PY have anti-inflammatory properties, thus emphasizing the potential of PY as a natural health product.
Highlights
Prunus yedoensis (PY) is a traditional anti-allergy and anti-inflammatory herb medicine used in South Korea
We investigated if a methanol and ethyl acetate extract of PY inhibits LPS-induced production of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and COX-2 proteins through the inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in macrophages
Effect of PY on NO production To investigate the effect of PY on NO production, accumulation of nitrite, a stable oxidized product of NO, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis One miligram of dried methanol extract and Ethyl acetate fraction of PY was dissolved in 2 ml of 50% acetonitrile (Duksan Chemical, Korea) and ultra-pure distilled water and filtered through 0.45 μm syringe filter (PVDF, Advantec., Japan)
Summary
Prunus yedoensis (PY) is a traditional anti-allergy and anti-inflammatory herb medicine used in South Korea. The inflammatory response in an organism protects the host against tissue injury and microbial invasion. As such this response is short lived, failing which it results in the pathogenesis of many immune related diseases [1]. Chronic (or acute) inflammation constitutes multiple processes, which are activated by inflammatory or immune cells. Of these activated cells, macrophages play a central role in managing many different immune pathological phenomena such as the over-production of NO has been demonstrated to be an important regulatory molecule for diverse physiological functions such as vasodilation, neural communication, and host defence [7,8]. NOS in macrophages and hepatocytes is inducible, and its activation is Ca2+ independent. iNOS catalyses the formation and release of a large amount of NO, which plays a key role in disease pathophysiology [9,10]
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