Abstract
The prevalence of fungal infections is growing at an alarming pace and the pathogenesis is still not clearly understood. Recurrence of these fungal diseases is often due to their evolutionary avoidance of antifungal resistance. The development of suitable novel antimicrobial agents for fungal diseases continues to be a major problem in the current clinical field. Hence, it is urgently necessary to develop surrogate agents that are more effective than conventional available drugs. Among the remarkable innovations from earlier investigations on natural-drugs, flavonoids are a group of plant-derived substances capable of promoting many valuable effects on humans. The identification of flavonoids with possible antifungal effects at small concentrations or in synergistic combinations could help to overcome this problem. A combination of flavonoids with available drugs is an excellent approach to reduce the side effects and toxicity. This review focuses on various naturally occurring flavonoids and their antifungal activities, modes of action, and synergetic use in combination with conventional drugs.
Highlights
Fungal illness often can be fatal, killing more than 1.5 million a year, and such illnesses have an effect on over a billion peoples in a year
Candida albicans is the most ubiquitous species globally (50–70%), which produces more infectious diseases than the total occurrence of infections produced by C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei [7,11]
The results show that epigallocatechin-o-gallate exclusively inhibits the hyphal formation and ergosterol synthesis in C. albicans [177]
Summary
Fungal illness often can be fatal, killing more than 1.5 million a year, and such illnesses have an effect on over a billion peoples in a year. Candida albicans is the most ubiquitous species globally (50–70%), which produces more infectious diseases than the total occurrence of infections produced by C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei [7,11] These yeasts primarily cause superficial and systemic fungal infections that include biofilm-associated infections candidaemia, and fungemia in patients with malignancies [7,12,13]. In order to heal fungal infections, four categories of antifungal drugs are often offered; viz., polyenes (amphotericin B, nystatin, candicidin, pimaricin, methyl partricin, trichomycin), azoles (fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, clotrimazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, ravuconazole), echinocandins (caspofungins, micafungin, and anidulafungin), and flucytosine (5-fluorocytosine) Those antifungal agents are only partially effective, and many of them produce several complications to host tissues. Each antifungal mechanism was collected and arranged in an appropriate place for the review
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