Anthropometric study of the ear in the Vietnamese adult population.

External ear anthropometry has been used as an indicator of some congenital anomalies and other disease conditions. However, its application in assessment of anthropometric indices of adiposity such as body mass index received less attention especially among Hausa ethnic group of Nigeria. The objectives of the study were to (i) evaluate the variation of external ear dimensions, and (ii) determine the ear dimensions which discriminate between normal weight and underweight individuals of Hausa ethnic origin. The study was a cross sectional type involving 257 participants 136 normal weight and 121 underweight individuals. The mean age of the participant was 21.71 ± 2.52 years (18 – 30 years). Eight pairs of linear ear dimensions were measure using standard protocol. Independent sample t test was used for comparison of ear dimensions between the normal weight and underweight individuals. Receiver operating characteristic curve was employed to determine the best ear dimensions that discriminate between normal weight and underweight individuals. In both right and left ear dimensions, significant differences were observed only in ear length (EL), ear width (EW), ear lobe length and the distance between superior point of the auricle to intertragic notch (ITN). Tragus to helix showed significant difference only in the right ear. In all, normal weight individuals exhibited higher mean value compared to the underweight. The best discriminator was ear width in both right (AUC= 0.641, P < 0.001) and left ears (AUC= 0.668, P= P <0.001). This was followed by ITN (AUC= 0.624, P= 0.001) and EL (AUC= 0.642, P <0.001) for right and left ears respectively. In conclusion, the ear dimensions varied between normal weight and underweight individuals of Hausa ethnic origin and the best discriminator was EW in both right and left ears. Support or Funding Information Non Discrimination between underweight and normal weight adults Nigerians of Hausa ethnic origin using right external ear dimensions Discrimination between underweight and normal weight adults Nigerians of Hausa ethnic origin using left external ear dimensions Variation in external ear dimensions between underweight and normal weight adults Nigerians of Hausa ethnic origin Side Ear Dimensions (mm) Underweight (n=121) Normal weight (n=136)) t P value Mean SD Mean SD Right Ear length 54.13 3.87 55.93 4.35 −3.48 0.001 Ear width 31.50 2.57 32.71 2.20 −4.07 <0.001 Tragus-helix 27.09 2.23 27.73 2.08 −2.39 0.018 Tragus-antihelix 20.70 2.83 21.19 2.29 −1.53 0.127 Earlobe length 14.21 2.67 14.01 2.21 0.67 0.506 Earlobe width 16.13 5.21 17.81 4.69 −2.71 0.007 Superior point of the auricle to intertragic notch 41.41 5.92 43.86 4.65 −3.71 <0.001 Auricular projection 14.28 2.96 14.16 3.28 0.31 0.760 Left Ear length 53.64 3.84 55.67 4.25 −4.01 <0.001 Ear width 31.10 2.67 32.68 2.41 −4.98 <0.001 Tragus-helix 26.55 2.63 27.06 2.00 −1.75 0.082 Tragus-antihelix 20.52 2.90 20.85 2.43 −0.97 0.333 Earlobe length 14.10 2.51 14.18 2.24 −0.27 0.784 Earlobe width 16.06 4.71 17.77 4.51 −2.97 0.003 Superior point of the auricle to intertragic notch 41.26 5.49 43.58 4.66 −3.66 <0.001 Auricular projection 13.78 3.17 14.06 3.51 −0.67 0.501 Area under the curve in variation in external ear dimensions between underweight and normal weight adults Nigerians of Hausa ethnic origin Side Ear Dimensions (mm) Area Under the Curve Std. Error P value Right Earlength 0.62 0.03 0.0009 Ear width 0.64 0.03 0.0001 Tragus-helix 0.57 0.04 0.0497 Tragus-antihelix 0.55 0.04 0.1688 Earlobe length 0.49 0.04 0.7449 Earlobe width 0.59 0.04 0.0099 Superior point of the auricle to intertragic notch 0.62 0.03 0.0006 Auricular projection 0.48 0.04 0.5860 Left Earlcngth 0.64 0.03 <0.001 Ear width 0.67 0.03 <0.001 Tragus-helix 0.56 0.04 0.0977 Tragus-antihelix 0.53 0.04 0.4095 Earlobe length 0.52 0.04 0.6737 Earlobe width 0.61 0.04 0.0035 Superior point of the auricle to intertragic notch 0.63 0.03 0.0005 Auricular projection 0.52 0.04 0.5865 This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Despite of the fact that observation is an important and concrete description rather than measurements in the field of somatological research, it tends to be neglected due to its subjective tendencies. In observation of auriculae, the classification by Schwalbe, in which the emphasis is on the process of biological evolution, has been used. However, it is felt to be rather confusing in the actual comparisons. The present author has felt the need to make a more objective classification chart of Japanese auriculae in order to discuss geographical differences and to clarify the origin of Japanese people. With a specifically standardized method, auriculae of Japanese (Kitakyushu district) are photograhed and classified by the observation of the pictures. The results of observation on auriculae (right) of 733 people (430 males and 303 females), aged from 16 to 59 years old, are as follows : 1. Helix The following three types are classified from the position of ear breadth by dividing the outline between superaurale and subaurale into three equal sections. 1) Ear breadth is in the upper third of the ear length. 2) Ear breadth is in the middle third of the ear length. 3) Ear breadth is in the lower third of the ear length. 2. Lobulus auriculae The following three types are classified according to the forms of lobulus auriculae and the conditions of the insertion to the cheek ; 1) hanging type, 2) missing type, 3) intermediate type. 3. Concha auriculae The following two types are classified ; 1) Sharp type which is sharp in the appearance between the upper and lateral margin of concha auriculae, 2) smooth type which is smooth and natural looking. 4. Incisura intertragica The following three types are classified according to the conditions of growth in tragus and antitragus in terms of the forms ; 1) funnel-form, 2) cylindric-form, 3) sac-form. 5. Combination of helix, lobulus auriculae, concha auriculae and incisura intertragica The total of 54 combination types (classified types) are found. In the males, the five types from the highest rates are ; 23rd Type (helix whose ear breadth is in the middle third of the ear length, hanging type of lobulus auriculae, smooth type of concha auriculae, and cylindric-form of incisura intertragica : 9.30%), 5th Type (helix whose ear breadth is in the upper third of the ear length, hanging type of lobulus auliculae, smooth type of concha auriculae, cylindric-form of incisura intertragica : 6.51%), 20th Type (helix whose ear breadth is in the middle third of the ear length, hanging type of lobulus auriculae, sharp type of concha auriculae, cylindric-form of incisura intertragica : 6.51%), 22nd Type (helix whose ear breadth is in the middle third of the ear length, hanging type of lobulus auriculae, smooth type of concha auriculae, funnel-form of incisura intertragica : 5.35%), and 8 th Type (helix whose ear breadth is in the upper third of the ear length, intermediate type of lobulus auriculae, sharp type of concha auriculae, cylindric-form of incisura intertragica : 4.88%). These five types are the main forms of auriculae among Kitakyushu males. In the females, the five types from the highest rates are ; 20th Type (helix whose ear breadth is in the middle third of the ear length, hanging type of lobulus auriculae, sharp type of concha auriculae, cylindric-form of incisura intertragica : 8.25%), 2 nd Type (helix whose ear breadth is in the upper third of the ear length, hanging type of lobulus auriculae, sharp type of concha auriculae, cylindric-form of incisura intertragica : 7.92%), 8 th Type (helix whose ear breadth is in the upper third of the ear length, intermediate type of lobulus auriculae, sharp type of concha auriculae, cylindric-form of incisura intertragica : 6.93%), 14th Type (helix whose ear breadth is in the upper third of the ear length, missing type of lobulus auriculae, sharp type of concha auriculae, cylindric-form of incisura

Introduction: Anthropometry is an essential technique to understand the variations in the human body that is implicated during various reconstructive surgical procedures, and for the identification of individual during crime scene in forensics. Analysis of ear morphology plays a role in understanding the sexual dimorphism and stature in the human population. It has been found that the ear morphology changes from one region to another. Aim: To study the morphometric parameters of the ear for stature estimation, and to identify sexual dimorphism in north Indian population. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study of 200 subjects (100 males and 100 females) aged 17-25 years was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. The study participants were selected from the MBBS, BDS and Nursing undergraduates studying in Banaras Hindu University (BHU). The various aspects of ear morphology (ear length, ear width, lobule length, lobule width) were measured. Student’s t-test, Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation and Linear regression equation were calculated. Results: The mean age for males were 19.17 years and females were 19.52 years. Measurements for ear length, width and lobule width of both ears were higher in males than females. The mean right and left ear length in males were 60.77±3.74 and 59.99±3.83 mm, and that for females were 56.59±3.044 and 55.55±3.68 mm, respectively. The mean right and left ear width in males were 30.60±2.81 and 30.81±2.69 mm and that for females, the values of ear width for right and left ears were 28.55±3.12 and 28.81±2.80 mm, respectively. A strong correlation between right and left ear length and stature in females were observed using linear regression coefficient analysis. The correlation coefficient between stature to right and left ear length in females were 0.554 and 0.51, respectively (p-value=0.030). Conclusion: Ear length and width, and lobule width of the right and left ears were significantly higher in males. There were no significant differences observed in lobule length. There was a strong correlation between the stature and right and left ear length in females, moderate strength of association was seen in stature with ear width and lobule length in females.

Ear prints have the potential for personal identification as the shape, size and orientation of the external ear are as individual as fingerprints. Several studies exist on ear dimensions in various populations; however, studies on Indians are sparse and none of these studies have explored the sex discrimination potential of ear morphometric variables. The present study included 300 subjects (150 males and 150 females) in the age range of 18–30 years originating from all over India. A digital anthropometric method was employed to measure ear length and breadth, base of auricle, lobe length and breadth. Further, the physiognomic ear index, lobe attachments and shape of ear were also assessed. The sex discrimination potential of all these variables was also evaluated. The right and left ears were mostly asymmetrical with respect to ear length, ear breadth, base of auricle. The ear length, breadth and base of auricle were larger in males than females while lobe length and breadth were larger in females as compared with males (chi square test, p ⩽ 0.001). Additionally, the ear parameters gave a moderate to good sex identification accuracy ranging from 68–71% using discriminant function analysis.

Background: The ear and face are indispensable and distinctive features for hearing and identification. Objectives: This study was designed to generate anthropometric data of the ear and facial indices of females of Efik and Ibibio children in Cross River and Akwa Ibom States, show morphological and aesthetic differences and ethnicity. Methods: A total of 600 female children (300 Efiks and 300 Ibibios) aged 2 to 10 years that met the inclusion criteria were chosen from selected primary schools in Calabar Municipality, Calabar South of Cross River State and from Uyo, Itu of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Standardized measurements of face length, face width, ear length, and ear width were taken with a spreading caliper; the facial (proscopic) and ear (auricular) indices were determined. Results: Efik subjects presented a mean face length of 8.36 ± 0.06 cm, face width of 11.04 ± 0.04 cm, ear length of 4.92 ± 0.02 cm, and ear width of 3.06 ± 0.01 cm. Ibibio subjects had mean values for face length, face width, ear length, and ear width as 8.17 ± 0.05 cm, 10.75 ± 0.05 cm, 4.77 ± 0.03 cm, and 2.94 ± 0.02 cm respectively. The mean facial index and ear index for Efik subjects were 75.68 ± 0.31 and 62.16 ± 0.27 respectively; while the mean facial and ear indices for Ibibio subjects were 74.79 ± 0.36 and 61.80 ± 0.34 respectively. Statistical analysis demonstrated significant differences in face length, ear length, ear width and facial index, with the Efik subjects having higher values than Ibibio subjects (p Conclusion: The results showed hypereuryproscopic face as the prevalent face type among females of both ethnic groups, therefore can be of importance in sex, ethnic, and racial differentiation, and in clinical practice, aesthetics and forensic medicine.

Introduction The aim of this study was to find out the anthro- pometric correlation of vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) with the length of ear, nose, and little finger in dentate male and female subjects in Karad population, so as to use this correlation to determine VDO in edentulous patients. Materials and methods The study was conducted in Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University, Karad, India, on 320 dentate subjects (160 males and 160 females) who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Anthropometric measurements of VDO, length of ear, length of nose, and length of little finger were recorded using a digital vernier caliper. Simple linear regression model was used to develop a prediction formula for VDO using length of ear, nose, and little finger as the independent variable. Correlation between VDO and length of ear, nose, and little finger was studied using Pearson's correlation test. Results Statistical analysis in male and female subjects showed that VDO is significantly different with the length of nose, ear, and little finger. Pearson correlation test showed VDO in males has strong coefficient correlation with the length of the ear (r = 0.500), and strong coefficient correlation with the length of the nose (r = 0.335) in females. Conclusion The regression analysis was conducted to formu- late the regression equation for determination of VDO in male and female subjects. The study revealed that the length of ear in males [VDO = 25.591 + 0.565 (length of ear)] and the length of nose in females [VDO = 36.933 + 0.353 (length of nose)] are strongly correlated with VDO. Clinical significance The regression formulae were formulated for male and female subjects in dentate patients which can be used to determine the VDO in edentulous patients. How to cite this article Rege JJ, Gosavi SS, Gosavi SY, Tewary S, Kore A. Evaluation of the Correlation between the Vertical Dimension of Occlusion and the Length of the Ear, Nose, and Little Finger: An Anthropometric Study. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2017;7(1):1-7.

INTRODUCTION Anthropometric refers to the measurements of living human body dimensions for the purpose of understanding human physical variation as it plays major role in prosthetics, plastic surgery. This study aimed to measure the external ear dimensions of medical students in the Rupandehi district, Nepal. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 100 medical students within October to January 2022 at the Anatomy department of UCMS, Bhairahawa. Samples where MBBS studying students aged 18-21 years enrolled in UCMS. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Ear measurements, including total ear length and ear width, were taken using a vernier caliper. RESULTS All parameters, including ear length, ear width, lobular length, and lobular width, were larger in males compared to females and were significantly larger on the right side than the left. The difference in ear length (p = 0.00834) and ear width (p = 0.00004) between males and females was statistically significant, with males having longer and wider ears on average. CONCLUSION The present study provided the mean values of external ear dimensions of right and left ears of medical students of UCMS, Bhairahawa. These values may provide significant information required for supportive evidence in forensic field, diagnosis of congenital malformations of ear. Therefore, this information can be used in plastic reconstruction surgeries, designing hearing aids, head phones.

Aim: The ear is a critical component of the human face functionally and aesthetically. Studies in recent years have reported that the morphological properties of the outer ear show substantial differences based on sex and ethnic group. The data obtained in these studies are guiding for plastic surgeons. \nMethods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on a Turkish population. Ear axis, antihelix angle, ear length, ear width, earlobe length and earlobe width measurements were made on 191 healthy adult volunteers (106 women, 85 men) between the ages of 18-25 years. Ear metric values mentioned above were compared between the genders, and correlation analysis was conducted for all. \nResults: All values except the antihelix angle were larger in males (P=0.0486; P

Anthropometric measurements of external ear of medical students in Uttarakhand Region

Objective: The purpose of this study was to build an external ear anthropometric database in North regional people of Bangladesh. This study also aimed to show the morphological variations between male and female as well as changes in ear anthropometry with age.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Ear dimensions of 313 people (150 male and 163 female), aged between 18-75 years, were measured pursuant to standard anthropometric measurement procedure. A total of five external ear dimensions- ear length, ear breadth, base of the auricle, lobe length and lobe breadth was measured. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship among various ear measurements, and linear regression analysis was used to estimate ear dimensions from the age of the people.&#x0D; Result: All ear dimensions were found larger in male than in women. The result also revealed that, dimensions of ear parameters increase proportionally with the increase of age, except male left-lobe breadth and female lobe breadth in both sides.&#x0D; Conclusion: Of course, this study of human ear morphology will serve as a quantitative database and play an enormous importance of anatomy and human factors engineering point of view.&#x0D; Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(2) 2019 p.206-210

Background: Anthropometric data for a specific population is always required for identification, product design, ear reconstruction, and manufacture of ear-related instruments. This study aimed to determine the anthropometric measures of the external ear and compare them on both the sides and in either sex among the ethnic Kashmiri population. Methods: The study sample had 98 boys and 102 females aged 18–25. Subjects with a history of craniofacial trauma, ear diseases, congenital defects, or ear surgery were excluded from the study after racial confirmation. A single investigator took all measurements on both the ears using a standard digital Vernier's caliper capable of measuring to the nearest 0.1 mm. Results: It is observed that the total ear width (EW) in the right ear ranged from 2.92 ± 0.19 to 3.12 ± 0.22 in cm. The mean EW on the left ear was found more significant than on the right side in the studied population. The mean TEH among the males in the right ear was found to be 6.02 ± 0.34, while in the left, it was 5.78 ± 0.33. Furthermore, the mean EW among the females on the right side was 2.88 ± 0.21 compared to 2.85 ± 1.25 for the left and right ears respectively. The association was found to be significant (P ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: Identifying landmark variations in distinct ethnic groups could help establish morphological assessment and morphometric variations of human ears.

Fetal ear assessment and prenatal detection of aneuploidy by the quantitative three-dimensional ultrasonography

Objective To analyze growth changes in the ear by measuring the width and length of ears in a Chinese population and its application for auricular reconstruction. Methods A total of 480 participants were enrolled into 1 year, 3 years, 5 years, 7 years, 9 years, 12 years, 14 years and adult groups (half were boys and half were girls in each group). Ear length and width were measured and recorded. Ear index was calculated according to ear length and ear width. The growth of auricle and differences between genders were analyzed. Results Ear length and width increased with age. Ear length achieved its mature size in both 14-year-old males and females. Ear width reached its mature size in males of 7 years and in females of 5 years. Different trends of ear index were shown between males and females. Conclusions The data indicated that ear developed with age. There were gender and ethnic difference in the development of ear. Ear reconstruction should not be performed when the age of patient is less than 12 years old, if only the development of ear width is considered, the age of patient for surgery to be performed should not be less than 7 years old. Key words: Microtia; Ear; Development

The Indonesian Etawah (PE) goat breed significantly supports smallholder farmers. This study evaluated fixed factors (year of birth, season, sex, housing system, and birth type) affecting morphometric traits, estimated genetic parameters, and assessed phenotypic correlations. Data from 325 PE goats (142 males, 183 females) at weaning age from BPTU-HPT Pelaihari, South Kalimantan, were analyzed. Eight traits were measured: body weight (BW), body length (BL), withers height (WH), chest girth (CG), chest depth (CD), hip height (HH), ear length (EL), and ear width (EW). Analyses included descriptive statistics, T-tests, ANOVA, and multivariate mixed models. Variance components were estimated using AI-REML in the DMU software. Heritability estimates ((Formula presented.)) varied, with high values for EW (0.64 ± 0.17), EL (0.59 ± 0.18), and BW (0.35 ± 0.15). Strong genetic correlations (Formula presented.)) were observed between BW and HH (0.81 ± 0.16), while phenotypic correlations ((Formula presented.)) were high between BW and BL (0.83 ± 0.04), indicating robust growth relationships. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) highlighted BW, ear dimensions, and BL as key contributors to genetic variation. Spearman correlation analysis supported consistent breeding value rankings. In conclusion, genetic improvement of PE goats can be achieved by selecting traits with high heritability and integrating PCA and Spearman findings into breeding strategies, while considering environmental influences.Highlight High heritability traits (ear dimensions and body weight) offer strong potential for genetic improvement in PE goats. PCA and Spearman analyses enhance selection accuracy by identifying key traits influencing genetic variation and breeding value consistency.

Introduction: Ear is the most defining feature of the face and its structure shows the signs of age and sex. The external ears consist of the auricle and the external acoustic meatus. This study was specifically under taken to study the variations in the auricle dimensions, specially height and width, amongst Nepalese medical and nursing students and compare them. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on medical and nursing students of National Medical College, Birgunj, Nepal, with no evidence of congenital ear anomalies or previous ear surgeries. The study consisted of 110 females and 110 males, aged 18–25 years. Results: The descriptive statistics of the ear variables evaluated and measured on both right and left sides. The ear length ranged from 6.31- 6.30 cm with the right ear length being significantly larger than the left ear length (p=0.010). Similarly, the right ear breadth was significantly wider in comparison to the left ear breadth, range from 3.39- 3. 38 cm (p=0.084). The lobular length range 2.38- 2.36 cm (p=0.001) and the lobular breadth range 1.96- 1.93 cm (p=0.000) which were also larger in the right ear compared with the left ear and the differences reached the level of statistically significant. Conclusion: The ear anthropometric measurements of male students showed higher value when compared to the female nursing students. These results support the findings that the sexual dimorphism does exit and showed the statistically significant differences between the sexes. The length of the ear was found to be higher when compared to the width of the ear in both sexes.