Abstract
BackgroundConstruction of electrochemical impedance sensors by the self-assembly technique has become a promising strategy for the ‘label-free’ detection of protein-ligand interactions. However, previous impedance sensors are devoid of an inherent electrochemical signal, which limits the standardization of the sensors for protein recognition in a reproducible manner.ResultsWe designed and synthesized an anthraquinonyl glycoside (AG) where the anthraquinone (AQ) moiety can bind to the surface of a graphene-based working electrode while the glycoside serving as a ligand for lectin. By measuring the inherent voltammetric signal of AQ, the glycosides decorated on the working electrode could be simply quantified to obtain electrodes with a unified signal window. Subsequently, impedance analysis showed that the ‘standardized’ electrodes gave a reproducible electrochemical response to a selective lectin with no signal variation in the presence of unselective proteins.ConclusionAnthraquinone-modified ligands could be used to facilitate the standardization of electrochemical impedance sensors for the reproducible, selective analysis of ligand-protein interactions.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13065-014-0067-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Construction of electrochemical impedance sensors by the self-assembly technique has become a promising strategy for the ‘label-free’ detection of protein-ligand interactions
We report here the design and synthesis of an anthraquinonyl glycoside (AG) in which the anthraquinone moiety can simultaneously serve as a ‘binder’ for a graphene-based electrode and a reporter that produces an electrochemical signal to standardize the sensor fabrication
We observed that the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of all sets of electrodes decorated with the mannoside increased in the presence of Concanavalin A (Con A) (Figure 1g-i), suggesting the adhesion of the lectin onto the electrode surface
Summary
We designed and synthesized an anthraquinonyl glycoside (AG) where the anthraquinone (AQ) moiety can bind to the surface of a graphene-based working electrode while the glycoside serving as a ligand for lectin. By measuring the inherent voltammetric signal of AQ, the glycosides decorated on the working electrode could be quantified to obtain electrodes with a unified signal window. Impedance analysis showed that the ‘standardized’ electrodes gave a reproducible electrochemical response to a selective lectin with no signal variation in the presence of unselective proteins
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