Anthology of Noonomy: Fourth Technological Revolution and Its Economic, Social and Humanitarian Consequences

Partnerships between medical schools and their clinical associates, which we describe in this article as academic clinical partnerships (ACPs), are powerful economic and social actors through their roles as major employers and procurers of goods and services. A broad spectrum of effects extending beyond the tripartite mission shapes the social contract between ACPs and the communities they serve. The authors present a model for identifying and measuring effects across this spectrum and illustrate the model's application with reference to specific case studies set in the United Kingdom. This model categorizes effects into five different domains: economic, human capital, social capital, knowledge, and place. These different effects express themselves along a spatial scale that varies from the very local to the global. The authors describe the theoretical background for each domain, as well as the methods required to identify and measure effects. These methods range from a quantitative economic impact analysis using extended input-output models to qualitative methods to capture social capital and place effects. The authors demonstrate how leaders in academic medicine can use the model to build a holistic picture of the societal effects of ACPs. Evidence of impact is of value to ACP leaders in engaging with both national and local stakeholders, and the approach is likely transferable to different countries.

The general articulation of the issue and its connection with the important research and practice tasks. The given article provides a general overview of the European Union Civil Protection Mechanism functioning, describes its features under modern conditions, characterized by the global spread of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. It actualizes the subject matter of consolidating the efforts of all countries worldwide in counteracting this negative phenomenon, which became nowadays an unexpectedly growing, protracted character and the solution of which requires immediate decisions, because it may have unpredictable humanitarian, medical, social and economic consequences in short-term as well as in long-term prospects.The analysis of the recent publications regarding the issues this article deals with; identification of parts of the general problem that have not been previously addressed. The subject matter of establishing effective and efficient administration in the field of preparedness, prevention and response to various emergencies was previously described by many native and foreign scientists. However, the study of foreign experience in organizing these processes, unfortunately, did not become the subject of broad scientific discourse. Modern conditions of social development are characterized by the newest phenomena, the answers to which world science is able to present only later, after a deep multifactor analysis and evaluation of its dynamics. However, during the latest decades appeared some researches, the authors of which aim either to shed light on general issues raised by us, or situational describe the current state of affairs in the given field.The purpose (the objective) of this article is to characterize the theoretical and applied aspects of the European Union Civil Protection Mechanism functioning in the context of global challenges and threats caused by the spread of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, as well as to demonstrate the possibilities of the consolidated approach of states to resist this humanitarian crisis.The key results and the background. The paper characterizes activities of the Emergency Response Coordination Centre, which is a key administrative element and the basic driver of activities aimed at preparing, monitoring, evaluating and providing assistance in case of natural and man-made emergencies' rise in any country of the world. The functional aspect of the European Union Civil Protection Mechanism under modern conditions of social development is shown, technological features and cases of its activation in response to requests from the countries inside as well as outside the European Union are demonstrated, what is related to their inability to overcome or minimize the consequences of natural or man-made emergencies' rise unassisted and independent. The role of Ukraine in functioning of the European Union Civil Protection Mechanism in accordance with its commitments is elucidated, likewise the extent of its readiness in counteracting the negative consequences caused by the global spread of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic within the cooperation bounds with certain institutions in the directions of humanitarian assistance providing, preparedness and monitoring, financial support, consulting, immediate response to emergencies, etc.Conclusions and the prospects of the further research. We can therefore conclude that the European Union Civil Protection Mechanism was established to strengthen cooperation between its member states and participating states in preparedness, prevention and response to the spread of natural and man-made emergencies inside and outside EU. Today, in the context of a global humanitarian crisis – the coronavirus pandemic COVID-19 – the European Union Civil Protection Mechanism is used for coordination and respond to requests from countries around the world in order to provide appropriate assistance for minimizing the humanitarian, medical, social and economic consequences of its spread. Ukraine's accession to the European Union Civil Protection Mechanism will allow an integration of its united state civil protection system into the pan-European system of emergency prevention and response, which is especially relevant in the times of the coronavirus pandemic COVID-19 global spread. That is why we consider as prospects of further research intensification of Ukraine's cooperation with international institutions, the main task of which is joint and coordinated counteraction and resistance to the negative factors of the modern world, its organizational, functional, technological and other aspects as continuation of our subject matter.

This research aims to comprehensively examine the economic and social effects by analyzing the perception of disaster relief funds for provincial residents focusing on Chungbuk. As a result of the study, it was found that the policy effectiveness of the disaster relief funds had a direct influence on the effectiveness of disaster relief funds, policy satisfaction, and policy attitude. In particular, it was found that the overall policy effectiveness and economic effectiveness were affected by the perception of the effectiveness of disaster relief funds. However, social effectiveness was found to be relatively affected by policy satisfaction. Considering the analysis results, it is interpreted that the point of attention in determining the policy effectiveness is affected by the possibility and effectiveness of policy means. And, it is judged that the perception of social effectiveness, which is a factor in judging the subjective area, is highly related to policy satisfaction, which is distinguished from the achievement of policy goals. Therefore, detailed content design of disaster relief funds is necessary by considering not only economic effectiveness but also social value and policy satisfaction management such as community recovery and government trust.

Purpose The purpose of the chapter is to compare social and economic effects that accompany crises of economic systems. Methodology According to the adopted classification of causes of conflicts of socio-economic systems, the indicators that reflect potential social and economic causes of crisis are determined. Regression analysis is performed, and multiple regression dependence of economic growth of Russia’s economic system (values of growth of GDP in constant prices) on the indicators that characterize social and economic causes of crisis is determined; correlation analysis is performed and correlation of each indicator of causes and the indicator of economic growth is determined. Conclusions It is shown by the example of modern Russia that subjective (social factors) have the key role in determining cyclic fluctuations of economic system – together with objective (economic effects). Social causes of crisis are almost as important as economic causes. In view of generally acknowledged social consequences of crises (growth of inflation and unemployment level), it is possible to state a relatively equal role of economic and social effects that accompany crises of economic systems. The information and empirical basis of the chapter consists of the statistical materials of the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the OECD. The research is performed by the example of modern Russia’s economic system; its timeframe covers 1999–2018 (recent 20 years). Originality/value The obtained conclusions show the necessity and open perspectives for specifying the existing theory of cycles in the aspect of inclusion of social effects into the model of cyclic (wave) fluctuations of economic systems.

This paper analyzes the volatility dynamics in the financial markets of the (three) most powerful countries from a military perspective, namely, the U.S., Russia, and China, during the period 2015–2018 that corresponds to their intervention in the Syrian war. As far as we know, there is no literature studying this topic during such an important distress period, which has had very serious economic, social, and humanitarian consequences. The Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH (1, 1)) model yielded the best volatility results for the in-sample period. The weighted historical simulation produced an accurate value at risk (VaR) for a period of one month at the three considered confidence levels. For the out-of-sample period, the Monte Carlo simulation method, based on student t-copula and peaks-over-threshold (POT) extreme value theory (EVT) under the Gaussian kernel and the generalized Pareto (GP) distribution, overstated the risk for the three countries. The comparison of the POT-EVT VaR of the three countries to a portfolio of stock indices pertaining to non-military countries, namely Finland, Sweden, and Ecuador, for the same out-of-sample period, revealed that the intervention in the Syrian war may be one of the pertinent reasons that significantly affected the volatility of the stock markets of the three most powerful military countries. This paper is of great interest for policy makers, central bank leaders, participants involved in these markets, and all practitioners given the economic and financial consequences derived from such dynamics.

This article provides an overview of internal displacement and the internally displaced person (IDP) assistance system in Colombia. It analyses the humanitarian consequences faced by IDPs when they move to an urban environment, and examines the impact of the influx of IDPs into cities on the different actors involved, such as the government, national and international organizations and host communities.

Introduction. The taxation system in any country plays an important role in regulating economic processes and ensuring the financial stability of the state. In periods of wars and global crises, such a system becomes especially important, as taxes are one of the main sources of revenue for the budget and can significantly affect the economic situation of the country. Implementing effective tax reforms in wartime is always a difficult task. Ukraine, which is actively fighting against Russian aggression, also faced the need to implement tax reforms to ensure financial stability and support society. In these conditions, guided by the needs of the country, the Ukrainian authorities made significant changes to the taxation system. Before the introduction of tax reforms, Ukraine faced a number of serious challenges. The invasion of Russia in 2022 was accompanied by irreparable damage, occupation of territories, destruction of infrastructure, mass migration of the population and great social and economic difficulties. The war not only led to a humanitarian crisis, but also seriously undermined the financial stability of the state. Before the start of the conflict, the Ukrainian economy was already under internal stress, and military actions limited the country's ability to function normally and sustain economic growth. The purpose of the paper is to study the effectiveness of tax reforms introduced during martial law, to analyze the social and economic consequences. Results. To ensure financial stability in wartime conditions and overcome economic difficulties, the authorities adopted a number of measures aimed at reducing the tax burden on business and entrepreneurs. One of the key reforms was the introduction of a simplified taxation system for enterprises with a small turnover, where the tax rate was only 2% of turnover. This decision made taxation more transparent and simple for entrepreneurs, and also allowed to reduce tax payments, even in the absence of actual profit. Tax incentives have been introduced for taxes such as flat tax, value added tax, income tax, customs duty and excise duty. The state also eased the procedure for taxing charitable assistance and support for the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Conclusion. All these tax decisions had both positive and negative economic and social consequences. It is important to emphasize that the effectiveness of wartime tax reforms is evaluated in the long term, and their impact can be difficult to estimate in advance. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly analyze, evaluate and adjust according to the current realities and conditions of today.

International economic sanctions have become an important and powerful instrument of foreign policy used by states and international organizations to regulate the behavior of countries or other subjects of international law. They can influence the political, economic and social activities of target states, contributing to the achievement of various political goals, such as changing political behavior, ensuring compliance with international standards, fighting terrorism, supporting human rights, protecting the environment and strengthening national security. In today’s world, sanctions are often used not only to punish violations of international law, but also to address specific political or economic issues, such as ensuring global stability or stopping aggressive actions in the international arena. The use of economic sanctions can be very diverse. The most common are trade sanctions, which are usually applied as a first step in response to violations of international law. They can restrict or prohibit the import and export of goods and services, covering certain categories of goods of strategic or military importance. One of the most effective tools is financial sanctions, which include asset freezes, restrictions on investments, loans, and a ban on access to international financial markets. This type of sanction can seriously weaken the target country’s economy, leading to significant economic difficulties such as inflation, a shortage of foreign exchange reserves, and rising unemployment. Economic sanctions can be imposed both at the national level and through international organizations such as the UN or the EU. The UN, through the Security Council, has the authority to impose sanctions against states that threaten international peace and security, which gives sanctions international legitimacy. The European Union also actively uses sanctions to support global security and human rights, and often takes measures to economically isolate aggressor states or violators of international law. However, the application of sanctions has its own complexities and challenges. The effectiveness of economic sanctions depends on clearly defined targets, the scope of their implementation, international coordination, and the ability to prevent sanctions circumvention. In addition, sanctions can lead to significant humanitarian consequences, in particular for the civilian population of the targeted country, which makes it important to carefully consider their application. Thus, international economic sanctions are a complex and multifaceted tool that allows states and international organizations to exert pressure on countries or other subjects of international law, forcing them to change their policies or behavior. However, their effectiveness and appropriateness should be assessed with due regard to possible social, economic and humanitarian consequences for the civilian population.

In this study, the consequences of urbanization were identified and their impact on the safety of urbanized areas and the well-being of residents in such areas were justified. As a result of the research, the consequences of urbanization were determined and characterized from the perspectives of ecological, economic, infrastructural, social, and humanitarian environments. These identified consequences require immediate mitigation, as they pose threats to both the safety of residents and, overall, the safety of urbanized areas and national security as a composite of its components - ecological, economic, humanitarian, social, etc. The impact of ecological, economic, social, humanitarian, and infrastructural consequences of urbanization poses threats to the safety of urbanized areas, the well-being of city dwellers, and national security in general. Negative impacts of the identified consequences are traced for individual components of national security. Economic, social, and infrastructural consequences constitute threats to economic and socio-humanitarian security, while ecological consequences pose risks to ecological and food security. It is pertinent to note the close interconnection of components of national security, which is evident in their mutual influence. For instance, consequences of economic nature identified by us, such as urban poverty, pose a threat to economic security and, simultaneously, pose a threat to social security, manifested in the exacerbation of social inequality and stratification, as well as the intensification of health problems in cities. These consequences also pose a threat to ecological security as one of the factors exacerbating waste issues and, consequently, deteriorating the sanitary-epidemiological situation. Key words: state policy, urbanization, urbanized territories, public administration, state security, national security, consequences, safety, well-being, ecological impact, economic impact, infrastructural impact, social impact, humanitarian impact.

Relevance: Large-scale emergencies (LSE) cause critical disruption in routine activities, while the elimination requires profound redeployment of workforce and resources.The objective is to analyse the dynamics and risks of large-scale emergencies, as well as their social and biomedical consequences in a few individual countries and globally over the past 10 years (2012-2021).Methods: The study is based on global large-scale emergency indicators as reported in the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT: OFDA/CRED) [https://www.emdat.be/]. All emergencies are split in two generalized groups - natural (natural disasters) and man-made. Risks of social and biomedical consequences of emergencies were calculated for 1 million people (10-6). Medians, upper and lower quartiles for LSE indicators and their consequences (Me [q25; q75]) are specified. The data is dynamically presented as a set of polynomial trends of the 2nd order.Results and discussion. According to EM-DAT, 5533 large-scale emergencies were recorded worldwide in 2012-2021, including 3807 (67.2%) natural and 1814 (32.8%) man-made events. It turned out that the global risks of exposure to emergencies, death, injury (illness) and homelessness were higher in natural emergencies than in man-made ones. The origin of large-scale natural emergencies was as follows: geophysical - 301 (7.9 %), meteorological - 1238 (32.5 %), climatological -272 (7.1 %), hydrological - 1780 (46.9 %) and biological - 215 (5.6 %). Most of the victims were observed during hydrological emergencies, median - 34.8 million people or 0.45 % of the world's population. The most serious bio-medical consequences were observed in meteorological emergencies (risk of death 0.55 • 10-6, risk of injury or illness 2.38 • 10-6), social consequences were most serious in case of hydrological and meteorological emergencies (risk of homelessness 35,8 • 10-6 and 16.1 • 10-6 respectively), economic consequences were most serious in climatological and meteorological emergencies (average economic loss of 1 large scale emergency makes 1 billion 727 million and 1 billion 600 million USA dollars respectively). Large-scale man-made emergencies included 225 industry-related (13.1%), 1206 transport (70%) and 291 domestic (16.9 %) events. The most serious bio-medical consequences were observed in transport emergencies (risk of death 0.54 • 10-6, risk of injury or illness 0.25 • 10-6), social consequences were most serious in domestic emergencies (risk of homelessness 1.12 • 10-6). All large-scale emergencies included 648 (11.7 %) reported for Europe, 2281 (41.2 %) for Asia, 1167 (21.1 %) for the Americas, 1279 (23.1 %) for Africa and 158 (2.1 %) for Australia. As a rule, risks of biomedical and social consequences of large-scale emergencies in leading countries under consideration (China, Germany, India, Japan and the USA) were lower than global risks. Information on domestic large-scale emergencies obtained by Russian experts and EM-DAT staff requires further synchronisation.Conclusion: The calculated indicators can be used to determine the need to develop measures to prevent emergencies or minimize their consequences regionally and globally.

The Israel-Palestine conflict of 2023 encapsulated a year of heightened tensions, recurring violence, and elusive peace prospects. Against a backdrop of historical grievances and territorial disputes, the region witnessed a resurgence of hostilities marked by intermittent clashes, rocket attacks, and retaliatory airstrikes. Amidst escalating violence, both Israeli and Palestinian leadership have faced internal challenges and political turmoil, exacerbating the complexity of reaching a sustainable resolution. The absence of meaningful dialogue and trust-building measures further entrenched the cycle of violence, deepening the humanitarian crisis and exacerbating civilian suffering. Similarly, international actors, including the United Nations and key regional powers, have engaged in diplomatic efforts to broker a ceasefire and revive peace negotiations. However, deep-seated mistrust and divergent political agendas hindered progress towards a comprehensive peace agreement. As a result, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has resonated far beyond the borders of the Middle East, with reverberations felt even on the continent of Africa. Therefore, this research paper explores a critical analysis and delves into the multifaceted dimensions of the conflict's impact on Africa. Adopting qualitative methods and secondary sources of data, the research finds that the impact of the conflict on Africa ranges from political, economic, humanitarian, and social consequences. The paper concludes that the conflict has detrimental effects on the continent’s social cohesion and political stability. Lastly, the research paper recommends Ending of Settlement Expansion, Negotiation and Dialogue, Two-State Solution, and Promotion of Reconciliation as some of the possible means by which the conflict can come to an end.

During the past few months, the world has been battling an unexpected and invisible threat. It has challenged all aspects of life in dealing with economic, humanitarian, and social consequences. At the moment, the economic impacts of the corona crisis are still a puzzle, but the fact is that the largest crisis in the recent history caused by a pandemic will lead to a global recession. In times of crisis, a policy-mix strategy is necessary and implies the inclusion of respective Central Banks in providing adequate measures of monetary policy for economic and financial recovery. The aim of this paper is to identify and analyse measures taken by respective Central Banks in order to mitigate the damage caused by the virus crisis and help national economies in recovery. Reactivation of non-standard measures applied in the previous financial crisis shows that the standard instruments and targets of such institutions are insufficient in emergency circumstance. The comparative analysis conducted will show how Central Banks of the largest economies and the region responded to the corona virus challenge, with particular reference to the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The results show that Central Banks opted for unconventional monetary policy measures reflected in quantitative easing, zero interest rates, and swap lines in order to alleviate the negative effects of the emerging crisis. Exceptional measures will be needed to ensure recovery in response to the coronavirus and the rapid deterioration of the global economy. The specificity of the monetary arrangement in Bosnia and Herzegovina has once again proved to be a constraint in the implementation of economic policy measures in extraordinary circumstances.

This article examines the complex dynamics of cross-border conflict between pastoralist communities in the Turkana (Kenya) and Karamoja (Uganda) regions. Using conflict tree analysis and stakeholder mapping, the research identifies historical marginalization, resource scarcity, governance deficits, and cultural practices as root causes of persistent violence. The study analyzes how retaliatory raids, climate shocks, territorial disputes, and militarized disarmament campaigns trigger cycles of conflict with severe humanitarian, economic, and social consequences. Drawing on desk research and documentary evidence, the article evaluates peacebuilding interventions and proposes an integrated framework for sustainable cross-border cooperation. This analysis contributes to understanding how colonial legacies, climate change, and weak governance intersect to perpetuate conflict in marginalized borderlands.

A forensic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 cases and COVID-19 mortality misreporting in the Brazilian population

Framework for fire risk assessment of bridges