Antagonist Test of Streptomyces spp. from Shallot Fields in Bojonegoro Against Fusarium sp. Which Causes Moler Disease In vitro

Demand for safe and healthy food has been increasing with every passing day. In order to ensure that the cultivated crop is healthy, cultivators have to monitor the crop regularly. Diseases can attack and affect the plant leaf and other parts at any time from seedling stage to harvesting stage, which can result in the less production of crops which in turn leads to huge financial loss. So plant disease detection in early stage is important in agriculture fields. Timely and accurate detection of disease and pest is important in order to reduce the production of quality crop losses caused due to crop diseases. The disease and pest attacks damage both quality and quantity of crop produced. Early diagnosis can reduce the damage. It is the wish for every farmer to protect the crop from disease attack and to increase the yield of growth. We have reviewed few papers and analyzed that recent advances in deep transfer learning and applying convolutional neural network pretrained algorithms give an effective and practical solution for this problem. It is the nightmare of every farmer to produce the good quality crop with high yield. The first step is knowledge about the growth, pest and disease attack on specific crop, preventive measures and solution for solving the issues at any stages of crop growth. This paper will give a quick overview of what trends were used in deep learning for the prediction of disease and pest attacks in food crops.KeywordsFood cropsDisease and pest attacksDeep transfer learning first section

Rigidoporus Sp. is a white root fungus which is the main diseases problems on rubber plants in the wet and dry lands of South Kalimantan. An economically and ecologically beneficial control solution for this problem soil contagion was by using antagonistic fungi. This research was aimed to study the potential of rhizosphere and endophytic fungi in swampland, to control white root fungus on rubber plants. The research used exploratory method. Rhizospheric fungi were explored from swamp rubber plant roots at Pulau Damar village Hulu Sungai Utara District; endophytic fungi were isolated from leaves and jelutung swamps (Dyera lowii) which is rubber-like plants. The isolates found then were screened based on the percentage of inhibition using the dual culture method between pathogens and test isolates, also observed the interaction mechanism and viability test. The research in the laboratory was arranged using a Completely Randomized Design with one factor i.e. the type of antagonistic fungi. Five isolates which had the highest inhibitory power were isolates I13K4R, I7K3R, I1K2R, I6K2R, and I1E with successive inhibitions 95.00%, 83.00%, 76.50%, 62.50% and 53.00%. Thus, isolates have included potential antagonistic agents because they had the ability in space competition more than 50% and proven to be able to paralyze Rigidoporus. The viability test results showed that the isolate that had germination capability of more than 60% were respectively I13K4R 88.05%, I7K3R 87.33%, I1K2R 86.93%, I6K2R 72.85%, and I1E 74.78%.

This study aims to determine the ability of two endophytic fungi in Gondang Manis jamaican apple to inhibit the development of indigenous pathogenic fungi on these plants. The isolates of Trichoderma sp and Metarhizium sp were obtained from the exploration of endophytic fungi on the tissue of the Gondang Manis jamaican apple plant, while Fusarium sp was the result of exploration on the rhizosphere soil of the plant. Tests were carried out in vitro with a dual culture method using a completely randomized design (CRD) with FT (Fusarium - Trichoderma) and FM (Fusarium - Metarhizium) treatments, each with 5 replications. Determination of the resistance level based on PIRG and Bell Rating. Analysis using ANOVA p (˂0.05) and LSD test (p˃ 0.05). The results showed that Trichoderma sp has a high inhibiting ability (PIRG = 70%; Bell Rating = 2) against Fusarium sp, while Metarhizium sp is considered low (PIRG = 20.5%; Bell rating = 4). This shows that Trichoderma sp. Isolate has a better ability than Metarhizium sp in inhibiting the development of Fusarium sp. The mechanism of inhibition of the pathogen Fusarium sp by Trichoderma sp is to seize nutrients from pathogens Key word : Inhibition, Fusarium sp, Metarhizium sp, Trichoderma sp.

This research aims to explore and characterize endophytic bacteria from the roots of antidiabetic plants and evaluate their potential as biocontrol agents against Fusarium sp. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from root tissues using surface sterilization methods, followed by colony morphology characterization, microscopic properties, and biochemical tests. Antagonistic activity was tested in vitro using the dual culture method. The research results showed that 12 endophytic bacterial isolates were obtained from root tissues, with three selected isolates (EAF-3, EAF-6, and EAF-7) exhibiting significant antagonistic activity against Fusarium sp. Isolate EAF-7 had the highest inhibitory power of 81.6%, followed by EAF-6 (74.2%) and EAF-3 (68.4%). Characterization shows that the promising isolates are closely related to the genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas, which are known as highly potential endophytic bacteria for controlling plant pathogens. These results indicate that endophytic bacteria from antidiabetic plants, particularly isolate EAF-7, have the potential to be developed as an environmentally friendly biocontrol agent for Fusarium wilt disease management in chili plants.

Pancreatic lipase enzyme plays an essential role in fat digestion. This enzyme hydrolyzes fat into fatty acids and glycerol to be absorbed by the body. However, excessive fat intake can cause obesity. Previous studies had shown that papaya seed extract contained flavonoids and was capable of inhibiting pancreatic lipase. However, the type and structure of flavonoids contained in the papaya seeds have not been identified. The purposes of this study were to isolate papaya seed flavonoids, to identify their structure, and to determine their inhibitory power against pancreatic lipase both in vitro and in silico. This is a descriptive laboratories research conducted in five stages, namely the preparation of papaya seed powder; extraction, isolation, and phytochemical analysis of flavonoids; identification and structure determination of flavonoid isolates using UV-Vis, FTIR, and LC-MS/MS spectroscopies; in vitro analysis of the inhibition power of flavonoid isolates against pancreatic lipase; and in silico analysis by docking technique using flavonoid isolates as ligands and pancreatic lipases as receptors. This research was able to isolate some of the flavonoid compounds from ethanol extracts of papaya seeds in which all of them have a higher inhibitory power against pancreatic lipase compared to commercial anti-obesity drugs Orlistat. Flavonoid isolate of papaya seed having the highest inhibitory power (53 times the inhibitory power of Orlistat) is liquiritigenin. In silico analysis shows that liquiritigenin has a binding position to the pancreatic lipase enzyme, which is relatively the same as Orlistat, but its binding affinity is more excellent than Orlistat.

Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) has high economic value in Asia. Porang tuber is high in glucomannan and thus becomes one of the exportable food commodities. Porang plants are susceptible to wilt disease caused by Fusarium sp. Trichoderma sp. has the ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi such as Fusarium sp. This research aimed to study the potency of Trichoderma sp. in controlling the growth of Fusarium sp. Trichoderma sp. was isolated from the rhizosphere soil in A. muelleri plantation, while Fusarium sp. was isolated from A. muelleri tuber infected by Fusarium. The fungi isolates were identified phylogenetically based on the similarity of Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) sequence. Both fungi were antagonistically assessed based on the dual culture method. The antagonistic assay showed that the two isolates of Trichoderma had the potency to inhibit the growth of the two isolates of Fusarium. Trichoderma sp. 2 has higher antagonistic potency than Trichoderma sp. 1. Based on ITS sequence similarity, Trichoderma sp. 1 and Trichoderma sp. 2 were identified as Trichoderma longipale and Trichoderma spirale respectively, while both pathogenic Fusarium were identified as Fusarium oxysporum. Trichoderma spirale therefore could be developed as a biopesticide agent in controlling Fusarium oxysporum.

Productivity of shallot in central Java as an area production center has a declining trend from 2013-to 2018. One way to increase productivity is through technical efficiency. However, to increase productivity, the probability of production risk will also be higher. Contract farming is one way to increase productivity and overcome production risks in shallot farming. The objectives of this study were to analyze the effect of contract farming on technical efficiency and perception of risks production between contract and non-contract farmers. Secondary data was used in this study. The research sample consisted of 1.508 (10 contract farmers and 1.498 non-contract farmers) shallot farmers in Central Java. The data were analyzed using the stochastic frontier method to see technical efficiency, and the Likert scale to see farmers' perceptions of production risk. The analysis shows that contract farming affected decreasing efficiency. Meanwhile, there is no difference between both farmers in perceptions of the risk of pest and disease attacks. Meanwhile, contract farmers’ perception of the risk of climate change was greater in decreasing production than non-contract farmers. Management efforts by both contract and non-contract farmers to overcome pests and plant diseases are no different. They both prefer chemical methods to overcome pest and disease plant attacks.

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) is a multipurpose plantation commodity crop that almost all parts of the plant have strategic economic value to be cultivated. In Indonesia there are the largest nutmeg commodity centers, including the Maluku islands, North Sulawesi and Aceh. The biggest problem with nutmeg plants is the attack of pests and diseases. One of the most severe diseases in nutmeg is white root mushroom (Rigidoporus lignosus). This study aims to 1) determine the fungus of white root fungus antagonists (Rigodoporus lignosus) from the Aceh nutmeg rhizosphere (Myristica fragrans Houtt), 2) identify the content of antibiotic fungus JAP antagonist compounds in Aceh nutmeg plants. The study was conducted by taking soil samples from nutmeg plants at three nutmeg plantations in South Aceh. The antagonist fungus isolation activity uses a dilution method. Isolation of JAP from infected roots using direct planting method. Furthermore, it is identified macroscopically and microscopically. The antagonist test was carried out using the dual culture method with RAL. From the rhizosphere in the nutmeg area, 5 candidate antagonist isolates were obtained, having high in vitro antagonism ability to the pathogen R. lignosus. Identification results showed that isolates 1, 2 and 3 were Trichoderma spp, and isolates 4 and 5 were Gliocladium virens. Keywords: In vitro, the content of antibiotic compounds, Aceh nutmeg, Rigidoporus lignosus, antagonistic test

Fusarium sp. is a pathogen that causes wilt disease in chili plant (Capsicum frutescens L.), which has a significant impact on crop production. One of the environmentally friendly control strategy is the use of biological agents, such as Gliocladium sp. This study aimed to evaluate the antagonistic ability of Gliocladium sp. to inhibit the growth of Fusarium sp. in vitro. The experiment was conducted using the dual culture method on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. Fusarium sp. isolates were obtained from the culture collection of BPPMTPH Kalasey. Observations were carried out of seven days to assess colony growth and calculate the percentage of inhibition. Gliocladium sp. demonstrated the ability to inhibit Fusarium sp. growth, with a maximum inhibition percentage of 51.52% on the seventh day. Gliocladium sp. exhibited rapid growth and dominated the medium, covering the pathogen colony entirely, although no clear inhibition zone was formed. The antagonistic mechanism is presumed to involve competition for space and nutrients, and parasitism. The mechanism of competition was demonstrated by the ability of Gliocladium sp. to grow more rapidly and dominate the PDA medium compared to Fusarium sp. in the dual culture treatment. Parasitism was identified through the coiling of Fusarium sp. hyphae by Gliocladium sp. hyphae, accompanied by morphological abnormalities observed in Fusarium sp. These findings indicate that Gliocladium sp. has potential to be developed as a biological control agent against Fusarium wilt desease in chili plants.

The cultivation of shallots in Bangka Island has been regularly carried out by farmers in Central Bangka Regency in recent years. However, the amount of production and productivity achieved has not met the demand for shallots in the area. The Bangka Islands region is generally surrounded by critical land due to mining activities that have a significant impact on soil fertility. The addition of cytokinins as growth regulators in the form of Benzyl amino purine (BAP) and the micronutrient boron has been reported to enhance the production and productivity of shallots. The aim of this research is to determine the appropriate concentration of BAP and the required dosage of boron to enhance the yield and productivity of shallot in Bangka Island, specifically the bima brebes and bauji varieties. The research results indicate that there is an interaction in the treatment combinations regarding plant height parameters in both varieties. The addition of BAP at 100 ppm affects the height of the Bima Brebes variety. The application of boron at various doses does not influence the vegetative growth of the shallot plants of the Bima Brebes and Bauji varieties.

The maize one commodities Indonesia of food, apart from rice, soybean, wheat and sorghum has the potential to feed, needs raw materials industries and handicrafts. To the improving quality and maize through to improved cultivation, varieties superior new, pest and disease control, handling harvest and post harvest. This paper aims to know pest and disease of the maize and strategic control. The lot of genus Athergiona in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Srilangka, Pakistan, Pacific Islands and Australia. The pest caterpillar of Spodoptera litura also came from State Southern Europe, Africa, India, China, Asia, Indonesia, Australia, United States and other Pacific Countries until the United. The pest species A. oryzae, A. exigua, Oxya sp., S. litura, H. armigera, O. furnacalis, O. nubilalis, S. exempta and N. viridula attack plants of maize on form of imago and larva active on day and night. The larva and imago strike base the bones of leaves, hair on the tunny, shoots of panicles, male flowers and sucking the juices on cobs young. Pest attacks has caused perforated of leaves, slow growth, yellowing, epidermis leaves transparent, rot, cobs open and maize dead. The disease blight leaves on a maize caused of H. turcicum Pass., P. Sorghi Schwein., P. maydis, P. philippinensis, Fusarium sp., Diplodia sp. and bacteria Erwinia sp. Disease and bacteria attacking of leaves surface of the top and bottom leaves the whole leaves are yellow, dwarf plants, maize cobs foul part or all and fall. Symptoms attack look the epidermis burst and masses of spores free cause urediosorus, small patches, evolved into blight green grey or dark brown. Infectious disease occurring through stomata of maize leaves young. Overpopulation pest and disease attack on the highest for the climate change dry to rainfall, rainy season, factors wetlands due to flow of irrigation, because high air humidity as well as abundance of food. Pest control 70-90% using natural enemies Systoechus sp., M. anisopliae, Trichogramma. spp, E. annulata, B. thuringensis, H. armigera Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (HaNPV), birds, spiders, and chemical, carbofuran, decis, the active monokrotofos, triazofos, diklhrofos 2-3 g per plants. Biodiversity control disease blight leaves of maize using T. Viride and nordox 56wp chemistry. Culture pest and disease control technical of maize with land cultivation, varieties hold, multiple cropping of maize with peanut or soybean alternation of host plant, with not in in proper time, fertilizing balanced, avoid planting during rainy season, male cutting part of the interest, environmental sanitation and environmentally friendly organic agriculture.

Shallots are one of the horticultural products that have important economic values. The objective of this study is to analyse the performance of production and price as well as to identify the marketing system of shallot. The research used time-series data from 2009 to 2018. The data was analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the harvested area and production of shallot have an increasing trend, while the productivity of shallots has a decreasing trend during the last 10 years (2009 to 2018). The price of shallots has been fluctuating from 2009 to 2018. The fluctuation of shallots price was caused by the fluctuation of production. The distribution of shallots from production centres to end consumers requires marketing services carried out by marketing agents. The shallot marketing channel involves two or more market players. The longer the marketing channel, the higher the marketing margin, and the lower the share of the price would be received by farmers (profit sharing). Conversely, the shorter the marketing channel, the lower the marketing margin and the higher the share of farmers would be. Therefore, to increase farmer share, there should be an institution that could facilitate a shorter marketing margin between farmers and consumers.

Land rehabilitation of the post-mining requires healthy tree seedlings, namely seedlings that are not attacked by the pests or disease. The health condition of tree seedlings can be determined from the types of damage to the seedling organs as a sign of pest and disease attacks. Therefore, identification of damage to tree seedlings in the nursery owned by PT Bukit Asam, Tarahan Port Unit was carried out to determine the attack level of pest and disease. Observation of attack signs and symptoms of pest and disease were carried out systematically using the cluster sampling method at 16 sampel plots with a plot size of 1 m x 1 m. The results of this research showed that there were 2 types of damage caused by pests, namely perforated leaves and rolled leaves, as well as 4 types of damage caused by disease, namely leaf spot, leaf fall, yellowing leaves, and stem cancer. The average number of tree seedlings found to have signs of pest and disease attacks was 77.57%. All of the tree seedlings (100%) found to have signs of pest and disease attacks were Eugenia oleana, Handroanthus impetiginosus, Durio zibethinus, Myristica fragrans, Polyalthia longifolia, Diospyros celebica, and Terminalia catappa. The tree seedlings that showed no signs of pest and disease attacks was Casuarina equisetifolia. The average percentage of pest and disease attacks on tree seedlings was 21.21%. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the level of pest and disease attacks on tree seedlings is in the light category. Therefore, to prevent an increase in attacks, it is possible to improve the sanitation of the nursery environment and increase the distance between seedlings. ABSTRAKRehabilitasi lahan pascapenambangan membutuhkan bibit pohon yang sehat, yaitu bibit yang tidak terserang hama maupun penyakit. Kondisi kesehatan bibit pohon dapat diketahui dari jenis-jenis kerusakan pada organ bibit sebagai tanda adanya serangan hama dan penyakit. Oleh karena itu, identifikasi kerusakan bibit pohon di pesemaian PT Bukit Asam Unit Pelabuhan Tarahan dilakukan untuk mengetahui tingkat serangan hama dan penyakit. Pengamatan tanda dan gejala serangan hama dan penyakit dilakukan secara sistematik dengan metode cluster sampling pada 16 plot pengamatan dengan ukuran plot 1 m x 1 m. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 2 jenis kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh hama yaitu daun berlubang dan daun tergulung, serta 4 jenis kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh penyakit yaitu bercak daun, gugur daun, daun menguning, dan kanker batang. Rata-rata jumlah bibit pohon yang ditemukan adanya tanda serangan hama dan penyakit sebesar 77,57%. Bibit pohon yang semuanya (100%) ditemukan adanya tanda serangan hama dan penyakit adalah Eugenia oleana, Handroanthus impetiginosus, Durio zibethinus, Myristica fragrans, Polyalthia longifolia, Diospyros celebica, dan Terminalia catappa. Bibit pohon yang tidak ditemukan adanya tanda serangan hama dan penyakit adalah Casuarina equisetifolia. Rata-rata persentase serangan hama dan penyakit pada bibit pohon adalah sebesar 21,21%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa tingkat serangan hama dan penyakit pada bibit pohon berkategori ringan. Oleh karena itu, untuk mencegah meningkatnya serangan dapat dilakukan perbaikan sanitasi lingkungan pesemaian dan perenggangan jarak antarbibit.

Colletotrichum Gloeosporiodes is one of the pathogenic fungi that causes fruit rot disease in apple plants. The control that has been widely used so far is chemical fungicides which cause negative effects, it is necessary to use an alternative control using antagonistic fungi that is safe and environmentally friendly. This study aims to determine the inhibition of several antagonistic fungi against the growth of the pathogen C. gloeosporiodes. The method used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 types of antagonist fungi, 1 control and 5 replications. Antagonism test using dual culture method between antagonistic fungi Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma viridae, Trichoderma koningii, and Gliocladium sp. with C. gloeosporiodes. The test results showed that the antagonist fungus that had the highest percentage of inhibition against C. gloeosporiodes was T. harzianum at 87.8% and had a high inhibitory power category with a crude extract chitinase enzyme activity value of 4.30 U/mL and Gliocladium sp. has the lowest percentage of inhibition 64.3%. Based on these results, it can be concluded that T. harzianum has a high potential to control fruit rot disease in apples because it contains the chitinase enzyme which can degrade the cell wall of the pathogenic C. gloeosporiodes.

The Lake Toba Catchment Area (LTCA) has long been known as a producer of shallots in North Sumatra. The Samosir variety is the mainstay local variety of the farmers. Due to the lack of quality seeds and disease attacks on the Samosir variety, farmers began to cultivate the Bima Brebes variety. This study aims to prove the difference in productivity of shallot varieties Samosir and Bima Brebes cultivated in the LTCA region by considering soil texture as a factor affecting productivity. This study was conducted in 6 shallot producing districts included in the LTCA. For analysis, 30 samples were selected based on the level of shallot productivity, with details of 10 low category production (< 4.5 tons/ha), 10 medium category production (4.5-7.5 tons/ha), and 10 high category production (> 7.5 tons/ha), along with the results of soil texture analysis. Correlation analysis was conducted to find the type of soil fraction that influenced productivity. ANCOVA to analyze the relationship between soil fraction and shallot productivity in each variety and analyze the difference in the productivity of Samosir and Bima Brebes shallots. The results showed that the sand fraction had an effect on shallot productivity in LTCA. The shallot cultivation land in LTCA has a sand fraction of 69-76% (sandy loam texture), where the greater the percentage of sand fraction, the higher the productivity of both shallot varieties. There was no difference in the productivity of Samosir and Bima Brebes shallots varieties. Bima Brebes variety can be a substitute seed for shallot cultivation in LTCA.