Annular destruction in acute bacterial endocarditis: Surgical techniques to meet the challenge

Abstract

Destruction and disruption of ventricular-aortic or mitral-aortic continuity in the presence of acute infection of the annular tissue is a significant surgical challenge. Among 82 patients who underwent surgical treatment for acute endocarditis over a 10-year period, 15 (18.2%) had extensive destruction of the anulus necessitating special reconstructive techniques for treatment. Surgical treatment involved removal of all infected tissue including annular elements followed by appropriate restoration of the anulus for safe anchoring of the prosthetic valve. The reconstruction of the anulus consisted of the following: a Teflon felt patch inside and outside the aorta or ventricle, or both, for secure attachment of the prosthesis (felt aortic root, in three patients with native valve endocarditis), valved composite graft replacement of the aortic root for ventricular-aortic discontinuity (Bentall procedure, in eight patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis), composite patch reconstruction of the mitral anulus and the ascending aorta to restore mitral-aortic continuity (mitral-aortic composite patch in two patients with mitral-aortic prosthetic valve endocarditis), and direct suture of the sewing skirts of the mitral and aortic prostheses to restore the defect (attached skirts, in one patient with mitral-aortic native valve endocarditis). There was one hospital death caused by multiple organ failure. The most common complication was heart block. Two late deaths were due to reinfection resulting from continued intravenous drug abuse. One patient with a felt aortic root repair required late reoperation for subannular aneurysm. Eleven patients were followed up from 7 months to 66 months and are alive and well without complications. This experience indicates that these seemingly radical surgical techniques can be used in these desperately ill patients with safety and good long-term results. They offer the only lasting solution for major disruption in cardiac anatomy in the presence of infection.