Abstract
Annexin-A1 (ANXA1) was first discovered in the early 1980's as a protein, which mediates (some of the) anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids. Subsequently, the role of ANXA1 in inflammation has been extensively studied. The biology of ANXA1 is complex and it has many different roles in both health and disease. Its effects as a potent endogenous anti-inflammatory mediator are well-described in both acute and chronic inflammation and its role in activating the pro-resolution phase receptor, FPR2, has been described and is now being exploited for therapeutic benefit. In the present mini review, we will endeavor to give an overview of ANXA1 biology in relation to inflammation and functions that mediate pro-resolution that are independent of glucocorticoid induction. We will focus on the role of ANXA1 in diseases with a large inflammatory component focusing on diabetes and microvascular disease. Finally, we will explore the possibility of exploiting ANXA1 as a novel therapeutic target in diabetes and the treatment of microvascular disease.
Highlights
Central Nervous SystemANXA1 plays a pivotal role in maintaining blood brain barrier integrity. ANXA1 is highly expressed at the site of cell-cell contacts at tight junctions
Specialty section: This article was submitted to Inflammation, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology
In the present mini review, we will endeavor to give an overview of ANXA1 biology in relation to inflammation and functions that mediate pro-resolution that are independent of glucocorticoid induction
Summary
ANXA1 plays a pivotal role in maintaining blood brain barrier integrity. ANXA1 is highly expressed at the site of cell-cell contacts at tight junctions. ANXA1−/−mice exhibit an increase in FIGURE 1 | Upon cellular activation, ANXA1 is mobilized to the plasma membrane and secreted in one of three mechanisms depending in the cell type involved. Permeability of the blood brain barrier as measured by MRI, increases leaking of Evans blue extravasation and serum IgG [2]. Taken together, these findings suggest that ANXA1 plays a key role in the tightness of the blood brain barrier. They report that ANXA1 regulates amyloid-β phagocytosis in microglia by increasing its enzymatic degradation by neprilysin [47] Such apparent contradictory data shows that ANXA1 plays differing roles in these two diseases. On the other hand ANXA1 upregulation at microglia level in human and animal model of Alzheimer’s disease demonstrates that ANXA1 has antiinflammatory effects in control the M1 to M2 phenotypic switch of microglia M1/M2 [48]
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