Análisis semántico lexical y terminológico

In this article, we analyze a corpus made up of two general French-Italian and Italian-French bilingual dictionaries and two multilingual dictionaries. We take into account, in particular, the macrostructure, the microstructure, the technical terminology and the phraseology of these dictionaries. Using a magnifying glass metaphorically, we focus on the treatment of the specialty language of commerce within the articles of the general bilingual dictionaries. With regard to plurilingual dictionaries, we try to show the lexicographical choices dictated by a requirement of extreme synthesis; the size of a dictionary, especially for schools, influences not only the convenience of consultation but also the price. The prodromes of the first business specialty language dictionaries represent an interesting corpus for understanding the first steps taken by lexicographers who decided to include specialty terminology in general bilingual dictionaries or to write multilingual business dictionaries.

From the 17th century onwards, the French language dominated international communication and the exchange of current information within educated Europe, strengthening its position in the 18th century with the spread of Enlightenment ideas. The importance of French literature of this period can also be seen by observing the shelves of libraries. In the range of resources offered by the reading library of the city of Liepāja, founded in 1777, books in French occupy second place (second only to books in German, which was the dominant language of the educated part of society at the time studied) according to their number, including those intended for language learning: grammars, reading books, phrasebooks, and other dictionaries. The article studies and analyses the range of 17th–19th centuries monolingual French dictionaries, bilingual and multilingual dictionaries with a French section from the collection of the Liepāja library, a total of 20 units. The research area chronologically covers the period from the oldest dictionary, published in 1674, to the last dictionary, published in 1847. In the context of the study, the status and place of the French language in international circulation and on the local scale of Courland are discussed to study what the mentioned dictionaries say about the social and cultural space of Liepāja. The research does not belong to the field of lexicography, as it does not offer an analysis of dictionary creation methods; it focuses on social and cultural practices possibly linked to the use of dictionaries and uses research methods of intellectual history and cultural transfer. The research results reflect the development trends of language use in Liepāja and provide insight into the interaction of the French language with other languages. Monolingual dictionaries, French sections of bilingual and multilingual dictionaries integrate specific elite cultural knowledge and emphasise accuracy of expression. Travellers’ dictionaries show the importance of mobility and communication with European French-speaking elites, but the dynamic rhythm of Liepāja, a port city, is illustrated by dictionaries for businessmen and sailors, in which the French language is not predominant, but is only one of the possible means of communication.

Manually constructing multilingual translation lexicons can be very costly, both in terms of time and human effort. Although there have been many efforts at (semi-)automatically merging bilingual machine readable dictionaries to produce a multilingual lexicon, most of these approaches place quite specific requirements on the input bilingual resources. Unfortunately, not all bilingual dictionaries fulfil these criteria, especially in the case of under-resourced language pairs. We describe a low cost method for constructing a multilingual lexicon using only simple lists of bilingual translation mappings. The method is especially suitable for under-resourced language pairs, as such bilingual resources are often freely available and easily obtainable from the Internet, or digitised from simple, conventional paper-based dictionaries. The precision of random samples of the resultant multilingual lexicon is around 0.70-0.82, while coverage for each language, precision and recall can be controlled by varying threshold values. Given the very simple input resources, our results are encouraging, especially in incorporating under-resourced languages into multilingual lexical resources.

Previously, researchers examined the effects of utilising monolingual dictionaries compared to bilingual and bilingualised dictionaries in an EFL learning environment as to their efficacy in improving culture-specific skills in translation. This study was set to investigate the comparative effects of using only monolingual dictionaries as opposed to using bilingualised dictionaries during vocabulary acquisition in a Translation course. Participants consisted of 60 Level II students of English. A test comprising 100 low-frequency words and 100 sentences manipulating each word as a translational writing task was administered at the end of the semester. Three experimental groups, one studying vocabulary with monolingual dictionaries, another with bilingual dictionaries, and a third with bilingualised dictionaries were used for checking the efficacy with which any/all of the three types of dictionaries can best help students acquire new lexicon. The study tested participants on their comprehension of and ability to use these words using sentences of their own on translational writing tasks. Results suggest that bilingualised dictionaries are more effective than monolingual and bilingual dictionaries and that bilingualised dictionaries are more effective than monolingual dictionaries, the last two dictionaries being the least effective. Suggestions for further work and implications for ELT pedagogy have been forwarded at the end.

Drawing upon semantic theories and concepts, including argument structure, componential analysis, descriptive meaning, and syntagmatic constraints, the present study analyses the four typical lexical errors committed by EFL learners in Hong Kong identified in a previous study conducted by Chan (TESOL Quarterly 44:295–319, 2010) and investigates whether the lexical information provided in monolingual and bilingual dictionaries alleviates or aggravates those four errors, respectively. The lexical information in monolingual dictionaries has been discovered to be efficacious in filling the gaps in learners’ lexical knowledge and assisting them in alleviating those errors, whilst that in bilingual dictionaries has been found to be capable of alleviating only the types of errors not influenced by the learners’ L1 but aggravating the errors influenced by the L1. The current study has provided pedagogical implications for the instruction of English vocabulary in the context of Hong Kong, albeit learners’ comprehension of the dictionary entries has to be investigated in the future to verify the findings of the study.

When deciding on the best learners' dictionary for a specific user and a specific situation of usage one often has to make a choice between a monolingual and a bilingual learners' dictionary. This article discusses some aspects of the user-driven approach so prevalent in modernday lexicographic thought, focuses broadly on dictionary typology and takes a closer look at monolingual and bilingual learners' dictionaries. Some problems users experience when learning a new language, e.g. language distortion and problems related to the phenomenon of false friends, especially in closely related languages, are mentioned. It is indicated that a typological hybrid dictionary could assist certain users. The importance of an unambiguous identification of the relevant lexicographic functions is emphasised and the notions of function condensation and function merging are introduced. It is shown that the typological choice should be determined by a function-based approach to dictionary usage. Keywords: bilingual dictionary, false friends, function condensation, function merging, genuine purpose, learners' dictionary, lexicographic functions, monolingual dictionary, text production, text reception, typological hybrid, typology.

The article presents the results of the lexicographic work of the Department of Linguistics of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences over the past century. From the moment of the creation of the Institute, the lexicographic work has become one of the main in its activities. The efforts of the Institute staff have created and are still creating numerous dictionaries related to various lexicographic types. Among them are spelling dictionaries that codify the literary norms of the language, terminological dictionaries that cover various branches of science, technology and production, they laid the foundations of a new scientific terminology and scientific style of the Bashkir language. Today, there are more than sixty Bashkir terminological dictionaries. Bilingual and multilingual dictionaries are designed to meet the needs of bilingual and multilingual readers, educational dictionaries meet the didactic objectives. The dialectological dictionaries contain especially valuable information on the peculiarities of dialects of the Bashkir language. A lot of semasiological and word-formation dictionaries help to establish roots and semantic features of the Bashkir language. Creating onomastic dictionaries is one of the priorities in the activities of the Institute. Among the dictionaries on ethnolinguistics, dictionaries of mythological vocabulary stand out, where for the first time in Turkology lexemes on the mythology of the people are presented. In the Department of Linguistics, there is a card file of standard and dialect vocabulary of the Bashkir language. Its volume is over 3 million units. The card file was accumulated as a result of linguistic expeditions of different years. The card file is replenished to this day. Based on its materials, full explanatory dictionaries were published, first a monolingual two-volume dictionary (1993), then a multilingual ten-volume Academic Dictionary of the Bashkir Language (2011–2018). The dictionaries are designed to help comprehend the secrets of the native language. An important role is played by modern electronic dictionaries. It was the Department of Linguistics (with its dictionary, dialectology and toponymy sectors in different years) that predominantly prepared and published these lexicographic works. In recent years, the Department’s staff have been compiling an etymological dictionary of the Bashkir language. The article also describes the lexicographic publications in terms of their significance in the spiritual culture of the Bashkir people. The article notes outstanding Bashkir lexicographers, whose dedicated work allowed the Institute of History, Language and Literature to become one of the recognized centers forTurkic lexicography.

This article conducts a comparative analysis of ethnocultural units in bilingual and monolingual dictionaries, focusing on English and Uzbek languages. Ethnocultural units-terms, phrases, and expressions that encapsulate cultural significance-play a crucial role in language learning and cultural understanding. By examining selected entries from both bilingual (English-Uzbek) and monolingual (English and Uzbek) dictionaries, this article aims to identify differences in representation, contextual usage, and cultural nuances. The findings reveal that while bilingual dictionaries often provide direct translations, they may lack depth in cultural context, potentially hindering learners' comprehension. In contrast, monolingual dictionaries tend to offer richer explanations but may be less accessible for non-native speakers

The article discusses the current state of Kazakh medical vocabulary, more specifically, its fixation in bilingual or multilingual paper or online dictionaries, as well as translation problems. This is done by overview of the translations of medical vocabulary presented in existing bilingual and multilingual (translation) printed medical dictionaries and the web-based bilingual dictionary of the Termincom.kz portal. The results of the research are as follows: First, our research identified a lack of specialized bilingual and multilingual medical dictionaries. Second, in the analyzed dictionaries, we defined several Kazakh translations for a given Russian or English medical word. Third, the source languages of most bilingual or multilingual dictionaries are Russian, English, or Latin. Finally, despite the State Terminology Committee’s approval of the term, there is a discrepancy in the use of translated terms in phrases. This phenomenon demonstrates the lengthy processes of codification, unification, and standardization of medical terms in the Kazakh terminology system. These shortcomings provide crucial insights for future research. Keywords: language policy, standardization, web-based platform, linguistic aspect, inconsistency.

Producing dictionary requires its own structure or format which is usually divided into three parts which are mega, macro and micro. The reason is, a production of dictionary depends on the needs of the user, either monolingual dictionaries, bilingual dictionaries or a multilingual dictionary. Besides that, the lexicographer of the dictionary also plays a significant part in the production of a dictionary. Therefore, Kamus Pembaca Inggeris-Melayu, arranged by A. S Hornby, E. C Parnwell, Daud Baharum dan Asraf (1972) is selected as the study data to discuss the mega, micro and macro structure within the dictionary. This dictionary is categorized as bilingual dictionary as the source language has different language as the target language. This research is using qualitative method with document analysis instrument to get the information needed. The result showed that the application of all three structure help to complete the confusion in selection of the best reference dictionary.

In order to establish congruence between brand-ergonym (BE) and advertising slogan (AS), three models of AS construction are offered in the work: the Functional model (Fm) is based on the exceptional informativeness of the slogan’s semantic field, its main goal is to provide comprehensive and adequate information on practical purpose. and differential features of the advertised product (activation of the left brain hemisphere due to the predominance of rational information, minimal suggestive effect); the Gestalt model (Gm) is based on the exceptional imagery of the verbalized information, thus its main purpose is to create an "associate image", which forms a bright associative connection with the advertised product in the mind of the AS addressee (activation of the right brain hemisphere due to too much emotional information, maximum suggestive effect); the Combined model integrates the elements of the Fm and Gm models with the priority of the features of one of them, where the elements of the Gm model often dominate. To identify and optimize the congruent relations between BE and AS, the authors introduce the semantic connectors (SC) - language units (word or phrase), which belong to a certain semantic field and indicate the affiliation of the potentially suggestive text marked by it; as well as the concepts of potential semantic field - the semantic field, to which, based on the content of the SC, one could potentially include to the AS marked by it; actual semantic field - a semantic field to which the recipient of the message directly includes the advertising slogan marked by a certain SC, based on their own associative connections. Basing on the results of the experiment, it was elicited that the functional slogan model (Fm) is usually characterized by the use of real SCs, since factual information requires specific vocabulary with semantics of statement / fixation of the fact that illustrates the uniqueness of the advertised product (eg, speed, longevity, health, technology, cold, throat, teeth, hair, cleanliness, digital technology, color, stability, etc.); the Gestalt slogan model (Gm) typically utilizes universal SCs, as emotional information requires the use of abstract (non-specific in NLP terminology) vocabulary (eg, desire, life, love, trust, freshness, excellence, etc.) or / or universal quantifiers (eg, always, never, everything, nothing); the Combined slogan model (Cm), which synthesizes Fm and Gm, is characterized by the use of the real SCs inherent fir the Fm, and universal SCs found in Gm in almost equal proportions (with a slightly greater advantage of universal ones), which gives grounds to determine the complex nature of Cm. The method of establishing congruence between the triad of basic components of the advertising message (BE, AS and SC) having been introduced in the work could be further designed to construct slogans of other advertising genres, which would help optimize their suggestive effect.

"A Bibliography of Dutch Dictionaries" gives an overview of printed Dutch lexicography in the period 1477 to 1990. The bibliography contains approximately 4500 references to monolingual, bilingual and multilingual dictionaries, both general and specialized: terminological dictionaries, dialectological dictionaries, dictionaries of synonyms, biographical dictionaries and encyclopedias. For each dictionary, the following data are indicated: author, title, place of publication, publisher, year of publication, number of pages and all the various editions. The bibliography has been conceived as a practical reference work: all dictionaries are categorized into thematic groups, listed in the table of contents. Within every group, a further distinction is made between monolingual and multilingual dictionaries. This makes the bibliography easy to consult for all sorts of lexicographical questions. The accessibility is also increased by indexes of authors and languages. The bibliography is based on a systematically compiled corpus of sources as well as on the expertise of several specialists working in the field of Dutch lexicography.

The article discusses methods of sense disambiguation in monolingual dictionaries and equivalent differentiation in bilingual dictionaries. In current dictionaries, sense disambiguation and equivalent differentiation is presented in the form of specifiers or glosses, collocators or indications of context, (domain) labels, metalinguistic and encyclopaedic information. Each method is presented and illustrated by actual samples of dictionary articles taken from mono and bilingual dictionaries. The last part of the article is devoted to equivalent differentiation in bilingual decoding dictionaries. In bilingual dictionaries, equivalent differentiation is often needed to describe the lack of agreement between the source language (SL) and target language (TL). The article concludes by stating that equivalent differentiation should be written in the native language of the target audience and sense indicators in a monolingual learner’s dictionary should be words that the users are most familiar with.

This study explores the semantic fields of love and loss in Lord Huron’s song "The Night We Met," using a lexical semantics framework. Song lyrics, known for their emotional depth, serve as a rich source for analyzing affective meaning, particularly through word selection and repetition. The primary research question addresses how semantic fields are constructed within minimalist lyrical compositions to convey complex emotional states. In this analysis, a qualitative descriptive method is applied to examine the song's lexical items and group them into thematic semantic fields. The study finds that the song uses a concise set of lexemes connected to themes of memory, temporal disorientation, grief, and love. These thematic fields intertwine, interacting to depict a narrative that encapsulates unresolved emotional pain. Love and loss are not presented in isolation but are embedded in a broader emotional context, where words evoke both the sweetness of past affection and the sorrow of its absence. The overlap of these semantic fields reflects the internal conflict experienced by the narrator, torn between cherished memories and the painful realization of loss. The study concludes that despite the song’s brevity, the lyrics effectively evoke profound emotional responses through a meticulous choice of words and thematic consistency. The semantic fields constructed within the song illustrate how even minimal language can convey intense emotional content, providing valuable linguistic insight into the function of lyricism in popular music. The research demonstrates the ability of short, poignant lyrics to engage listeners emotionally, revealing how lyricists use limited language to encapsulate complex feelings of love and loss.

Dictionaries have traditionally been a widely used tool by foreign and second language learners. In spite of the rejection of using dictionaries in classroom by some teachers, recent studies have showed that dictionaries play a vital role in language learning and teaching. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries on the foreign language learners' awareness and acquisition. The study seeks to investigate that monolingual dictionaries, unlike bilingual dictionaries, would promote and assist learners' acquisition. Although bilingual dictionaries are universally preferred by learners, teachers’ duty here is to encourage students to consult monolingual dictionaries during classroom since they often expose to the foreign language which is the end. Thus, the research will highlight the pros and cons of both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries. It will focus on the teachers' role which is crucial on not only guiding learners how to use dictionaries, when and which type but also allocating time during classroom to encourage students to consult the dictionary in order to be familiar with this tool. Finally, the striking findings are both dictionaries have positives and negatives but the good teacher can guide his/her students to consult the appropriate one in the specific time and a suitable task in classroom. Dictionaries are not always the perfect tool used by students and teachers but there are some cases and situations teachers should take in consideration when they deal with dictionaries.