Análise de planos de corte de carga através de métodos diretos

Abstract

BROLIN, M. R., Algorithm for elaboration of plans for service restoration to largescale distribution systems. Sao Carlos, 2010. 73p. Dissertation (Master study), Engineer School of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo. Electric power systems (EPS) are not always capable of achieving a new stable equilibrium point after a severe generation loss or even after the loss of important transmission lines. The lack of active power generation caused by some of these disturbances can lead to a gradual decay of the system frequency. If the spinning reserve or even the bulk transmission system are not capable of restoring the system, then, corrective actions should be taken to avoid a system collapse. Under this emergency condition, a portion of the load should be disconnected, as a way to restore a new stable equilibrium condition, through an emergency scheme known as underfrequency load shedding (UFLS). Several works have been developed in this field throughout the years, in which different techniques are proposed to determine the load shedding schemes. The majority of these works use an equivalent linearized model of the system, which facilitates the system representation. However, in order to keep the integrity of the system, it is common to overestimate the shedding of loads. The validation of load shedding schemes that use a linear methodology is generally performed through simulations based on nonlinear models of the whole system. The methodology presented in this work uses a nonlinear representation for the EPS for developing an UFLS scheme, which permits a study of the dynamic behavior of its generators in order to find the frequency limits. In this way, the schemes can be efficiently determined, aiming a reduction on the number of consumers affected by the load shedding scheme, and avoiding additional simulations to validate the designed scheme. An energetic approach is applied to the problem and, in this way, given a generation loss it is possible to determine the minimum frequency value achieved by the system without the need for the knowledge of the trajectory of the system’s operating point. Voltage regulators and speed governors are neglected, and the loads and network equipments are represented through a constant impedance model, whereas the generators are modeled through its classical model. Key-words: Underfrequency, Load Shedding Plans, Energy Function.