ANÁLISE DAS LITOLOGIAS ASSOCIADAS ÀS ENTRADAS DE ÁGUA EM POÇOS TUBULARES NO SISTEMA AQUÍFERO SERRA GERAL (RS)

Groundwater reserves are strategic sources for public water supply. This regional study, accompanied by geomorphologic, geologic, and hydrostratigraphic maps, highlights the importance of stratigraphic and hydrochemical research in preserving water in areas susceptible to contamination, such as aquifer recharge zones. The aquifers were subdivided into the Pre-Guarani Aquifer System (PRE-GAS), the Guarani Aquifer System (GAS), and the Serra Geral Aquifer System (SGAS). This article paper analyzed the hydrogeological characteristics of the Pardo River watershed, focusing on the lithostratigraphic units of the Rosário do Sul Group (PRE-GAS), the Botucatu Formation (GAS), and the Caxias and the Gramado facies of the Serra Geral Formation (SGAS) present in the study area. In terms of hydrogeochemistry, the water from the wells was classified as sodium bicarbonate in the PRE-GAS, and as calcium bicarbonate in the GAS and SGAS. The average specific capacity of the 102 wells analyzed was 0.72 m3/h/m for the PRE-GAS, 1.76 m3/h/m for the GAS, and 0.44 m3/h/m for the SGAS. The use of the public domain SIAGAS database is recommended, but it requires proper validation and standardization. The study reinforces a sustainable approach to ensure the long-term availability of groundwater resources in the region.

The study area is located in central State of Parana, in domains of the homonym basin, with approximately 22,600 km2, constituted by basaltic flows of fhe Serra Geral Formation, Lower Cretaceous (Serra Geral Aquifer System – SGAS) which overlap eolian and fluvial sandstones of the Piramboia and Botucatu formations, Triassic/Jurassic (Guarani Aquifer System – GAS). The study involved cluster analysis, factor analysis, interpretation of the structural framework, Piper diagram analysis, and the physicochemical characterization of 45 completed wells located in the Serra Geral Formation in order to characterize groundwater and to identify areas where the aquifers are most probably connected. The groundwater samples analysed are predominantly of the calcium-bicarbonate type, which is characteristic of the Serra Geral Aquifer System. Only a few samples correspond to sodium-bicarbonate or calcium-magnesium waters, that are interpreted to result from connection between the aquifer systems. Regarding the structural compartmentalization and the physicochemical outcomes, sodium-bicarbonate waters are more frequently observed in the northeastern portions of the study area. In the remainder portions, water typically corresponds to the Serra Geral Aquifer System. The lowest hydrochemical dissimilarities are found in the northwestern portion of the study area. The wells that are anomalous in water composition are located on NW-oriented structural lineaments.

Groundwater with anomalous fluoride content and water mixture patterns were studied in the fractured Serra Geral Aquifer System, a basaltic to rhyolitic geological unit, using a principal component analysis interpretation of groundwater chemical data from 309 deep wells distributed in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Southern Brazil. A four-component model that explains 81% of the total variance in the Principal Component Analysis is suggested. Six hydrochemical groups were identified. δ18O and δ2H were analyzed in 28 Serra Geral Aquifer System samples in order to identify stable isotopes patterns and make comparisons with data from the Guarani Aquifer System and meteoric waters. The results demonstrated a complex water mixture between the Serra Geral Aquifer System and the Guarani Aquifer System, with meteoric recharge and ascending water infiltration through an intensive tectonic fracturing.

The recent proposition for research projects over the Parana Basin area with the main purpose of evaluating the hydrogeological potential, flow patterns, chemical properties and environmental protection aspects of the Guarani Aquifer System (GAS) as conditioned by its structural framework has also led to the investigation of a highly structured area in Central-North Parana that corresponds to the overlying Serra Geral Aquifer System (SGAS) through integration of aerogeophysical, geological, hydrogeological and hydrochemical information of wells drilled in the SGAS. Processing and interpretation of data from analytical signal and horizontal gradient techniques, which are specially useful in delineating shallow sources, allowed the regional structural patterns at Ponta Grossa Arc to be refined and three new regional NW-SE lineaments are identified: Apucarana, Arapongas and Maringa. Others, NE-SW and E-W are also observed. The new magnetic-structural framework was confronted with the spatial distribution of hydrogeological (potentiometry, outflow and specific capacity) and hydrochemical parameters (Na + + K + , Ca ++ , Mg ++ ; Cl - , HCO3 - + CO3 - - , SO4 - - ; total dissolved solids and pH). The integrated interpretation allowed to recognize the regional hydrogeological and hydrochemical conditioning to the structural framework, and connection zones between SGAS and GAS as indicated by their differential water mixture rates. pH and total dissolved solids have proven to be useful indicators of water provenance.

The Ajuricaba Basin Creek chemical signature of water resources: Geological sources and anthropogenic contributions

Water is an essential nutrient to sustain life and a vital component of biological functioning, impacting regulation of pig body temperature along with transporting nutrients to the body. Drinker availability, position, design, water flow rate and pressure, and water quality are major components of pig water intake. The ideal water flow rate for wean-to-finish pigs is 1 L m-1. Excessive flow rates could limit pig water intake and increase humidity in the barn, while too little water flow can lead to a decrease in water intake and biological functioning of the pig. Water should not contain harmful substances and should be readily accessible to pigs. Compounds in water are highly variable depending on region, water source, and pH. Quality of water influences feed consumption along with pig health. Water can contain a variety of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, algae, and protozoa; while not all microorganisms are harmful a highly contaminated water analysis is an index of poor water quality. In this study water quality and water flow rates were analyzed across five wean-finish sites comprising 16 barns for three turns of finishing pigs. Water flow rates were measured twice per turn, wk 1 and wk 17. Each barn contained 36 pens and flow rate measurements were collected in 8 pens evenly distributed within the barn. One suspended water source was available per pen, with two nipple drinkers per water source. Water flow rates were averaged over each turn within barns. Average water flow rates were 1.42 L m-1 with standard deviation of 0.44 L m-1. Overall barn water flow rates ranged from 0.78 to 2.19 L m-1. Barn flow rates were compared over time to evaluate performance and maintenance of facilities. Water quality samples were also collected and submitted for standard water analysis. Results will provide information on management strategies to assess water quality and water flow rates in wean-finish facilities.

Proposed method for the evaluation of water productivity in fractured aquifers

O presente estudo foi realizado no município de Carlos Barbosa, localizado na região nordeste do estado do RS, que é abastecido exclusivamente por águas subterrâneas do Sistema Aquífero Serra Geral (SASG). Neste município foi instalado um sistema de monitoramento automatizado, denominado de SIGAS, em 12 dos 15 poços tubulares que captam água do SASG e são utilizados pela CORSAN para o abastecimento público de água no munícipio. O SIGAS monitora volume, vazão e tempo de bombeamento de 15 em 15 minutos e nível de água de 1 em 1 minuto. Foram analisados os dados coletados em 3 poços dos 12 que possuem o sistema. Os dados coletados indicaram que os 3 poços estão trabalhando, na maior parte do período monitorado, acima do tempo de bombeamento projetado, com tempos sem bombeamento operados de forma descontínua. O SIGAS se demostrou um sistema satisfatório para o monitoramento de poços tubulares, inseridos no Sistema Aquífero Serra Geral e utilizados para o abastecimento público, possibilitando a identificação da influência da demanda na operação dos mesmos e o reflexo desta operação nos níveis de água do aquífero no poço. Devido à frequência de coleta de dados e o fácil acesso aos mesmos pelo órgão gestor dos poços, o SIGAS se demostrou ser uma ferramenta de utilidade impar na gestão dos poços.

This study was conducted in the southwest portion of the State of Parana (53°00’/54°30’ W and 24°30’/26°12’ S), where basaltic lava flows from the Serra Geral Formation ( Serra Geral Aquifer System - SGAS) predominate and are superimposed to the Botucatu/Piramboia formations (Guarani Aquifer System - GAS). It shows the combined application of aeromagnetic, geological, structural (MDE, drainage system and satellite images), hydrogeological and hydrochemical data with the purpose of investigating the structural control and chemical properties of the SGAS (fractured). It also aimed to interpret, based on the hydrochemical properties of the SGAS and its structural outline, fractures that may represent zones of hydraulic connection between this aquifer and the GAS (granular). The aeromagnetic and orbital data integration allowing the composition of a magnetic-structural framework of the study area. Such framework, characterized by tendencies in the NW-SE, NE-SW and E-W directions, was compared to the spatial distribution of hydrogeological (potentiometry, outflow and specific capacity of exploitation – 181 wells) and hydrochemical parameters (pH, total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, carbonate, chlorate and sulfate – 100 wells). All information of wells drilled were from SGAS. The hydrochemical results showed that calcium bicarbonated waters are more common, followed by sodium bicarbonated waters, mixed, magnesian and sulfated sodic. Calcium bicarbonated waters and magnesian were considered typical of the SASG, while the others were interpreted as a consequence of different levels of mixing with waters from other underlying aquifers.e integrated interpretation allowed for the recognition of the structural control of different levels of mixing with waters from other underlying aquifers.

A utilização da água subterrânea no abastecimento público de grandes cidades é uma demanda crescente. Na área urbana de Campo Grande (MS), 46 % do abastecimento público é oriundo de poços tubulares profundos dos sistemas aquíferos Bauru, Guarani e Serra Geral. Por meio de gráficos da profundidade de níveis estáticos e mapas de rebaixamentos, gerados a partir de dados obtidos na perfuração e em 2016, foi possível fazer uma análise temporal dos resultados. O Sistema Aquífero Bauru (SAB) apresenta um rebaixamento do nível estático de 2,4 metros na área urbana, após 5 anos de operação. O Sistema Aquífero Guarani (SAG) apresenta 34 metros de rebaixamento em 22 anos de operação de poços, sendo um indicativo de aprofundamento regional desses níveis. O Sistema Aquífero Serra Geral (SASG) é o sistema aquífero que apresenta valores menores de rebaixamentos, contemplando até 30 anos de monitoramento. A classificação de produtividade dos aquíferos brasileiros do Serviço Geológico do Brasil baseada na capacidade específica, atribui um alto potencial hidrogeológico aos sistemas aquíferos no Mato Grosso do Sul. Para o SAB classifica-se como um sistema aquífero de produtividade alta; o SAG como um sistema aquífero de produtividade muito alta e o SASG como um sistema aquífero de produtividade moderada. Assim, a avaliação temporal periódica dos sistemas aquíferos se faz necessária, visando tanto o abastecimento contínuo de grandes cidades quanto o entendimento do comportamento dos sistemas aquíferos ao longo dos anos.

Combining lead isotopes and cluster analysis to distinguish the Guarani and Serra Geral Aquifer Systems and contaminated waters in a highly industrialized area in Southern Brazil

Groundwater with high fluoride content and water mixture patterns were studied in Serra Geral aquifer system (SGAS) using three aspects, principal component analysis (PCA), tectonic scenery and hydrochemical interpretation from 309 groundwater chemical data information from deep wells. A four-component model is suggested and explains 81% of total variance in the PCA. Six hydrochemical facies were identified. These facies suggest two different fluoride sources. Tectonic approach shows the relationship between defined hydrochemical facies and regional fracture control. The applied methodology reveals a minimum level to understand hydrochemical mixtures. The fluoride enrichment mechanisms into the groundwater are comprised in advance to guide the future uses of SGAS to the public supply.

This paper presents the results of the monitoring of oxygen (18O) and deuterium (2H) isotopes in groundwater of the Serra Geral Aquifer System (SGAS) in the region of Carlos Barbosa, Rio Grande do Sul. Rainwater, and water from 12 tubular wells of the SGAS was collected monthly (from April to November). The results indicated that groundwater originates from meteoric water. For rainwater, values were found to be between -11.73 and -3.25‰V-SMOW for δ18O and -61.56 and -8.63‰V-SMOW for δ2H. The air masses simulated by the HYSPLIT model revealed that retro-trajectories for depleted rainfall (d18O <—7.5‰) are mostly influenced by moisture transported from Antarctica, through the Atlantic Polar mass (April, October, and November months). For enriched rainfall, the Atlantic Ocean appears as a more important moisture source, with most of the trajectories coming from this region. This moisture transport pattern occurred mainly during winter, when the South Atlantic Subtropical Anticyclone is closer to the continent. For groundwater, the monthly average values of all wells ranged from -9.02 to -5.06‰V-SMOW for δ18O and from -43.32 to -27.27‰V-SMOW for δ2H and indicated a similar trend in rainwater. Thus, the results show the different climatic conditions that occur over the months, influence of recharge processes, and isotopic ratios of groundwater.

The Paraná Basin in Brazil is of vital importance and because of a large groundwater reservoir and the high exploitation of this resource by the population a structural and hydrogeochemical knowledge is needed. Objectives: 1) Analyze studies that address the structural, hydrogeological and hydrochemical characterization of aquifers in the Paraná Basin; 2) Highlight the main techniques used in the respective studies and the scientific development arising from the use of these techniques for a better hydrochemical and structural understanding of the Paraná Basin. Methodology: Tracing lineaments from satellite image and field work are the main techniques used for structural characterization. For hydrochemical analyses, factorial methods physical-chemical analyses are used. Results: the most common chemical types of groundwater that circulate in the sedimentary and volcanic units of the Paraná Basin, which include the Pirambóia, Irati, Rio Bonito, Botucatu and Serra Geral formations are calciumbicarbonates, calcium-magnesian bicarbonates, calcium-sodium bicarbonates and sodium-sulphate-chloride bicarbonates. Sodium-sulfated waters are not found in the Serra Geral Formation, except when they come from the sedimentary units. Sodium and sulfate are not expected ions in basalt weathering, and therefore a greater understanding is needed on structural communication by means of faults that occur between the Serra Geral Aquifer System (SGAS) and the mesozoic and permian sedimentary aquifers and aquitards that contribute for unexpected ions in the SGAS. Conclusion: The Paraná Basin is a reason for interest in geological studies in Brazil because of its link to several areas of interest in geosciences, which include hydrochemistry, stratigraphy, paleontology and hydrogeology.

The aim of this work is to understand the exchange of water between the Serra Geral aquifer system (SGAS) and Guarani aquifer system (GAS). The objectives are two-fold. First, introduce the capability of the modified self-organizing maps (MSOM) as an unbiased nonlinear approach to estimate missing values of hydrochemistry and hydraulic transmissivity associated with the SGAS, a transboundary groundwater system spanning parts of four South American countries. Second, identify areas with potential connectivity of the SGAS with the GAS based on analysis of the spatial variability of key elements and comparison with current conceptual models of hydraulic connectivity. The MSOM is employed to calculate correlations (trends) between 27 variables from 1,132 wells. Hydraulic transmissivity is calculated from specific capacity values from well-pump tests in 157 locations. Hydrochemical facies estimates appear unbiased and consistent with current conceptual-connectivity models indicating that vertical fluxes from GAS are influenced by geological structure. The MSOM provides additional spatial estimates revealing new areas with likely connections between the two aquifer systems.