Abstract
In this study, a bounding surface-based anisotropic hardening softening elasto-plasticity model has been formulated for the behavior of sand. The model employs both joint invariants of stress tensor and rotational tensor, and satisfies the objectivity requirements within the form-invariance principle. The second order rotational tensor represents the rotation of the symmetric axis of the bounding surface, and is postulated to reflect the evolution of microstructures of particulate sand. An evolution law for the rotational hardening is forwarded, along with a nonassociated flow law. The plastic moduli are derived in terms of stress increment and strain increment to facilitate numerical simulation of stress- or strain-controlled tests. The performance of the model is demonstrated by comparisons of numerical simulations with the results of tests with a hollow cylinder and a cube.
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