Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is highly prevalent at all stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Individuals with CKD commonly have multiple risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease, including both traditional and nontraditional risk factors. Anemia is a nontraditional cardiovascular risk factor found in CKD that contributes to the development and progression of structural abnormalities of the heart, namely left ventricular hypertrophy and dilation. In addition, a deficiency of erythropoietin per se also may have important pathophysiologic consequences. In this review we summarize the evidence from observational studies showing an association between anemia and adverse cardiac outcomes at all stages of CKD. In addition, we provide an overview of the evidence accumulating from randomized controlled trials conducted in both nondialysis and dialysis CKD populations evaluating the effect of anemia correction on cardiac outcomes such as changes in left ventricular hypertrophy.
Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
