Anatomical traits and economic potential of <i>Amorphophallus variabilis</i> and conservation implications in Selo Arjuno Forest, Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Hilmi E, Sari LK, Siregar AS, Sulistyo I, Mahdiana A, Junaedi T, Muslih, Pertiwi RPC, Samudra SR, Prayogo NA. 2021. Tannins in mangrove plants in Segara Anakan Lagoon, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3508-3516. Mangrove tannin is polyphenol compound and extractive matter in mangrove vegetation. Mangrove tannins have the potentials to support paint industry, animal feed, tanners and wood adhesives industry. This research is aimed to investigate the mangrove species in Segara Anakan, Central Java, Indonesia that produce tannins, and to analyze the distribution and contents of tannin in the part of mangrove plant. A total of 342 samples from 19 mangrove species was collected from 37 sampling points in Segara Anakan. UV-Visible Spectrophotometry was used to analyze the tannin content in the samples. The results showed that the tannins contained in bark and stems were higher (66.6%) than those in leaves (33.4%). Mangrove vegetation can be classified into five classes in terms of tannin percentage with Heritiera littoralis, Nypa fruticans, and Rhizophora mucronata had highest tannin percentage. The clustering analysis of mangrove tannin showed that Ceriops decandra-Ceriops tagal, Acacia auriculiformis-Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia caseolaris-Xylocarpus granatum, and Avicennia marina-Rhizophora apiculata had high similarity of tannin percentage. The distribution of tannins in mangrove species is as follow: 0.59-10.14 kg trees-1 (bark and stem of mangrove diameter > 10 cm) and 0.20-3.74 kg trees-1 (leaves of mangrove diameter > 10 cm) until 8.84-158.96 kg trees-1 (bark and stem of mangrove diameter > 40 cm) and 4.60-91.65 kg trees-1 (leaves of mangrove diameter > 40 cm). R. mucronata and R. apiculata had the highest total tannin content, ranged between 386.60-460.38 kg trees-1.

In ancient times it was customary for people to make loan agreements involving land. Land is also commonly loaned to other people under a lease agreement. In Indonesia, lending and borrowing agreements are regulated in Article 1754 of the Civil Code concerning debts and receivables. Accounts payable begins with an agreement between two legal subjects called debtors and creditors, then accompanied by the delivery of objects as collateral. Today, in the Limbangan sub-district, Kendal district, Central Java, there is a practice of individual debt agreements with guaranteed land and building certificates with an area of 255 m² which are bound not by a Mortgage Deed (APHT), but using a Sale and Purchase Deed (AJB) and legalized by a Notary as Land Deed Maker Official (PPAT). The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the validity of an individual debt agreement using a certificate guarantee bound by a Sale and Purchase Deed in Kendal district. Another objective is to find out and analyze the responsibilities of a Notary to the making and registration of a Sale and Purchase Deed which is used as a guarantee for an individual debt agreement in Kendal district. This study uses a research method in the form of Sociological Juridical which is also called field research. According to its nature, the research to be conducted has a descriptive analytical research type. the type of data used is primary data and secondary data, and data collection tools used are field studies and literature studies. Based on the discussion discussed in this study and the data that has been collected that the validity of the guarantee of property rights to land bound using a deed of sale and purchase in Kendal district is legal and can be carried out according to legal certainty theory, as long as the main agreement of the guarantee is not Contrary to the provisions stipulated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code regarding the legal terms of the agreement, namely agreement, competence, a certain matter and a lawful cause. The powers and responsibilities of a notary in Kendal district are in accordance with the theory of authority that has been described, namely attributive authority, delegative authority, and mandate authority and in carrying out his position to make and register the sale and purchase deed has been meticulous and thorough as mandated by article 16 paragraph (1) UUJN. However, the notary should still propose a guarantee agreement on land and buildings tied using mortgage rights not with a sale and purchase deed so that unwanted things do not happen that can harm both parties even though in fact the duties or responsibilities of the notary are basically not responsible for the contents. the deed made before him because the contents of the deed are the will and agreement desired by the parties.

This study tried to explore the implementation of Local Economic Development (LED) in Central Java. To perform the analysis, this study makes use of mixed method analysis which combined between quantitative and qualitative approaches. Findings of the study indicate that empowerment of the institutional platform of LED in Central Java is relatively good by the fact that mapping and situation analysis of LED have been done by most of districts in Central Java, although the majority have not been equipped by the action plans including a business plan as well as have not been covered by local budget.

This article discusses local economic development through maggot cultivation by taking a case study in one of the villages in Klaten Regency, Central Java. Environmental problems related to waste have also become a concern for the government to solve. One way that can be used is maggot bioconversion. This research aims to analyze how the local economic development process includes locality, business, monetary base, employment resources, and community resources for maggot cultivation carried out by Gempol Village while still positively impacting environmental problems. This research will also provide an overview of the challenges, opportunities, and policy implications of local economic development through maggot cultivation. Karanganom Village was chosen as the research locus because of its success in cultivating maggots by involving village communities as a form of local economic development that can provide economic benefits. The method used in this research uses a qualitative research model with a descriptive empirical approach. The data collection technique used was through interviews, and the informant selection technique used was purposive sampling. Local economic development in Gempol Village was analyzed using the Local Economic Development theory, namely locality, business and the economic base, Employment resources, and community resources. The results of this article are that local economic development by cultivating maggots in Gempol Village, Karanganom District, Klaten Regency has had a positive impact on the community's economy, such as job creation, increased income and diversification of sources of income, and increased skills and education. Additionally, maggot cultivation in Gempol Village positively impacts the environment by helping decompose waste within a few days and reducing waste disposed of in landfills. This research contributes significantly to understanding how maggot cultivation can effectively aid local economic development and environmental conservation.

Sonneratia caseolaris is a pioneer species in mangrove. It can naturally grow in both saltwater and freshwater. The study was aimed at investigating and comparing the anatomical character of the S. caseolaris plants growing in different conditions and how they coped with salinity. The anatomical characteristics of roots, stems, petioles and leaf blade were investigated. The plant samples were prepared into permanent slides using a paraffin method, while the wood samples were made into permanent slides using a sliding microtome technique. Tissue clearing of leaf blade and scanning electron microscopic analysis of wood were performed. In addition, sodium chloride content in various organs and tissues was examined. It was found that cable root, stem and leaf blade showed some different anatomical characteristics between the two conditions. Periderm is a prominent tissue in saltwater roots. Tanniferous cells were observed in pneumatophores, petioles, stems and leaf blades of saltwater plants, but not found in pneumatophores and lamina of freshwater plants. Mesophyll thickness was lower in the saltwater condition. The vessel density was significantly higher in the saltwater condition than in the freshwater condition, whereas the vessel diameters in the freshwater condition were significantly higher than those in the saltwater condition. From the results, it can be concluded that root periderm plays an important role in salt exclusion, and the occurrence of tanniferous cells is associated with salt elimination.

Food safety is a science that deals with preparing, managing, and storing food or beverages to be safe from physical, biological, and chemical contamination. The processing of petis (condiments of fermented fish or shrimp) crackers is one of the categories of SMEs in Kendal District, Central Java. The study aimed to evaluate the heavy metals of iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and other chemical features and to survey the processing of petis crackers. This is a descriptive study of an observational nature with a quantitative approach, especially by doing laboratory observations. The study also carried out qualitative observations using questionnaires regarding the manufacturing of petis crackers. Petis is food or items cooked in a thick, clayey, and elastic condiment group. The results showed that Fe levels vary from 48.00 to 82.00 mg/kg and Pb from 40.00 to 50.00 mg/kg. The average chemical properties of the petis crackers are as follows: 2.45% ash, 13.27% moisture, 3.13% protein, 0.15% fat, and 81.0%carbohydrate. The lead content surpasses the maximum limit of the standard set by the BPOM (The Indonesian Food and Drug Supervisory Agency). Keywords: food safety, heavy metal, Kendal, petis crackers

Nugroho AS, Anis T, Ulfah M. 2015. Analysis of the fruit plant species diversity in Surokonto protection forest, Kendal, Central Java and its potential as a bird conservation area. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 1: 472-476. The fruit plants are the important component in providing a feed source for many species of birds in the forest ecosystem. The Surokonto protection forest is a tropical rain forest located in the Surokonto Wetan Village, Pageruyung Subdistrict, Kendal District, Central Java. In the forest, there are various species of fruit plant as feed for various birds species. This aim of this study was to determine the diversity of fruit plant species in the Surokonto protection forest, Kendal, Central Java and its potential as a bird conservation area. The study was conducted between May and June 2014 by direct observation. The data collection was performed by transect line method. In this study found 13 species of fruit plants potentially as a source feed of birds with the value of diversity index of 2.47 and evenness index of 0.96. The species that have the highest density was Muntingia calabura, while the lowest was Ficus benjamina density. The conclusion is the potential level of fruit plant species diversity as bird feed source in Surokonto protection forest, was medium category. By this fruit plant diversity, Surokonto protection forest has potential as conservation of wild birds to keep in order avoiding extinction.

Deforestation rates of forest areas due to over functions of the area are one of the causes of declining production of natural forest timber. The Government of Indonesia via Ministry of Environment and Forestry made the solution to meet the needs of timber with the development of centers of wood production from private forests. This study aims to identify potential areas of community forests that have comparative advantages for development priorities in Central Java. The data used is the growth of private forest area in Central Java Province during 2011-2015. Data analysis using Location Quotient (LQ) and Specialization Quotient (SQ) method. The result of the research showed that the community forest sector in Central Java is not a specialized sector. There are 18 regencies/cities as potential forest area are Purbalingga District, Kendal District, Salatiga City, Purworejo District, Banjarnegara District, Sukoharjo District, Cilacap District, Sragen District, Pekalongan District, Wonogiri District, Temanggung District, Magelang District, Wonosobo District, Karanganyar District, Boyolali District, Batang District, Banyumas District and Pati District with total area of 456,575.85 Ha which can be a priority in developing community forest in Central Java.

Sphagnum mosses are key to northern peatland carbon sequestration. They have a range of morphological and anatomical characteristics that allow them to cope with environmental stress. Sphagnum also produces a plethora of biochemicals that may prevent stress‐induced cell‐damage. However, the linkages between Sphagnum anatomical, morphological and biochemical traits (i.e. metabolites, pigments and antioxidant enzyme activities) are poorly known, neither are their joint responses to environmental change. Here, we quantify and link an array of Sphagnum anatomical, morphological and biochemical traits in five Sphagnum ‐dominated peatlands distributed along a latitudinal gradient in Europe, covering a range of regional and local environmental conditions. Sphagnum morphological and anatomical traits were intrinsically linked to Sphagnum metabolites and enzyme activities, and these relationships were driven by shared responses to local and regional environmental factors. More particularly, we found that Sphagnum traits can be grouped into four clusters related to growth, biomass, defense and water stress tolerance. We used regional and local environmental conditions data to further show that biochemicals and their specific linkages with some morphological traits describe dimensions of physiology not captured by anatomical and morphological traits alone. These results suggest that Sphagnum morphology and function is rooted in the metabolome, and that incorporating biochemicals into the functional trait space concept can enhance our mechanistic understanding and predictive power in Sphagnum ecology.

Lâminas foliares e segmentos de colmo das gramíneas forrageiras capim-braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens), capim-gordura (Melinis minutiflora) e capim-bermuda Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp) foram amostradas em dois níveis de inserção no perfilho (inferior e superior), em duas idades (momento da exposição da lígula da folha e 20 dias após) e em duas estações de crescimento (verão e outono). Amostras dos segmentos de colmo e lâminas foliares foram submetidas à determinação de sua composição química, composição anatômica e digestibilidade in vitro. Após obtenção dos dados, foram estabelecidas as correlações entre os componentes químicos e anatômicos e entre estes e a DIVMS, na lâmina, no colmo e no agrupamento dos dados das duas frações. A espessura da parede celular foi a característica anatômica a se correlacionar mais fortemente com todos os componentes químicos, independente da fração considerada. Suas correlações foram positivas com os teores de fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e lignina e negativa com os de proteína bruta. A proporção de mesofilo se correlacionou positivamente com os teores de proteína bruta e negativamente com os de fibra em detergente ácido, enquanto a proporção de esclerênquima apresentou correlação positiva com os teores de fibra em detergente neutro. Os componentes químicos se correlacionaram fortemente entre si e com a DIVMS. Entre as características anatômicas, somente a espessura da parede celular mostrou correlação significativa com a DIVMS, independente da fração. O mesofilo se correlacionou positivamente e o xilema negativamente com a DIVMS, respectivamente, na lâmina e no colmo.

Garbage is a global problem that should be handled properly from the source to cut off the flow of waste. Therefore, it is necessary to educate the public about the importance of protecting the biosphere from waste and the application of an environmentally friendly lifestyle. The focus of this research is on the KerDUS Community of Kendal Regency as a community of environmental care volunteers who educate plastics, the environment, and ecobricks, as well as environmentally friendly lifestyles. This research is qualitative phenomenological research that reflects the activities of the KerDUS Community as a community that has succeeded in educating the people of Kendal Regency and its surroundings in reducing waste. Data comes from primary and secondary sources collected from interviews, participatory observation, documentation, and questionnaires. The results showed 76% of the training participants had implemented the 3R (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) in their daily life both at home and outside the home. Offline workshop with snacks from environmentally friendly food and bring your own tumbler as a drinking place. Many participants have locked their plastic in an ecobrick to make it an environmentally friendly product that can be assembled and assembled.

Abstract. Putri FK, Alicia F, Noven HJ, Sholiqin M, Himawan W, Javarendra RA, Liza N, Partasasmita R, Iskandar J, Naim DM, Setyawan AD. 2021. Conservation implication and traditional ecological knowledge on trading bird: A case study in Depok bird market in Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 5636-5647. Bird species have been the most popular animals in Indonesia for such a long time. Therefore, the demand for birds has been rising in urban areas. The bird species are usually traded, including selling and buying activities in urban bird markets. The increase of bird trading in Indonesia also increased Indonesian people's economic and social benefits. Consequently, there is a chance that many bird trading in bird markets are not managed carefully without preventing bird species extinction in rural ecosystems. This paper aimed to assess the conservation status of birds sold and the Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) of bird traders in Depok bird market in Surakarta (Solo), Central Java, Indonesia. The study used a qualitative method with the ethno-ornithological approach. The results showed that the diversity of birds encountered in the bird market of Depok was considered high, 55 species were recorded, representing 29 families. The Indonesian law protects seven bird species while 12 species are considered endemic. Moreover, 8 birds are included in IUCN Red List. The bird naming is based on particular categories agreed on in the local community. Furthermore, social involvement through education and local wisdom might profoundly impact conservation efforts to preserve the bird population.

Local Economic Development (LED) revitalization objective to change view of stockholders included of Central Government, Regional Government, Non Government Institution, and community, for Local Economic Development (LED) to be instrument of developing economic activity was based on locally resources for increasing the sustainable of local community welfare. This research aims to give accuracy information for Regional Governmen of Sukoharjo used for make Local Economic Development (LED) action plan for sustainable, in short term, middle term, and long term. The method of this research was descriptive analysis. The analysis method used for Rapid Assesment Techniques For Local Economic Development (RAPID). The output of this research is including output identific of Local Economic Development factors, LED status and LED recommended in Sukoharjo Regency. The location of this research for LED status was Sukoharjo Regency, in accordance with LED frame work of Central Java Province based on developed of business clusters in Local Economic Development (LED) sectors. Object research of LED status was Sukoharjo Regency, whereas respondent are stockholders to hook with Local Economic Development (LED) in Sukoharjo Regency. Based on this research output from RALED, it can be concluded that Sukoharjo Regency include in well categories viewed from six aspect of LED dimension, namely Target Groups, Location Factor, Synergy and Policy Focused, Sustainable Development, Government System, and Management Process. Unfortunately, based on specific value of many aspect of LED dimension in Sukoharjo Regency, it is still necessary to obtain serious attention from all stockholders particularly LED or FEDEP Forume (Forume Economic Development and Employment Promotion) in Sukoharjo Regency in the future. Therefore, it can increase many aspect of LED dimension to grow Local Economic Development (LED) in Sukoharjo Regency, particularly related with many aspect of PEL dimension, among of Target Groups, Focus and Synergy Policies, Government System, and Management Process.

Abstract. Jarapan TJ, Flores M, Cuizon DR, Roble CM, Lanante AN, Yburan D, Enal CN, Emnacen M, Cortes ST, Almagro JJN, Retubado ZAZ, Lorca AS. 2025. Adaptive leaf morphology and anatomy of Rhizophora apiculata under environmental gradients in Tulic, Argao, Cebu, Philippines with implications for conservation. Biodiversitas 26: 2978-2991. Mangrove forests provide critical ecosystem services, including coastal protection, biodiversity conservation, and carbon sequestration. However, they are increasingly threatened by environmental stressors, such as salinity fluctuations, habitat degradation, and climate change. Understanding species-specific adaptive responses to these stressors is essential for developing effective conservation strategies. This study investigated how coastal gradients and canopy light zones influence the morphological and anatomical leaf traits of Rhizophora apiculata in Tulic, Argao, Cebu, Philippines. A total of five quadrats of 5x5 m were placed in each of the landward, midward, and seaward zones. In each zone, environmental parameters including soil salinity, pH, and light intensity were recorded. Leaf samples were collected and analyzed for length, width, and anatomical features using the nail polish and potato impression method. Results demonstrated pronounced leaf plasticity in seaward individuals, with significant variations in width-related traits, while landward individuals exhibited limited morphological flexibility. The middle canopy zone showed strong adaptation to variable light conditions, with spongy mesophyll development and petiole length contributing notably to physiological performance. These findings suggest the role of leaf trait plasticity in enhancing the resilience of R. apiculata to changing environmental conditions. Incorporating trait-based approaches into mangrove conservation and restoration planning can strengthen ecosystem stability and sustain the protective and ecological functions of mangrove forests under different stressors.

The covid-19 pandemic has adversely affected the sustainability of micro and small enterprises (MSEs), with a particularly pronounced impact in Central Java. Entrepreneurs who struggle to adapt to reduced consumer purchasing power and the increasing reliance on digital technology are at heightened risk of business closure. Despite these challenges, inclusivity remains a crucial element for MSEs in fostering local economic development. Accordingly, this study seeks to examine the role of inclusivity in the sustainability of MSEs that are based on digital technology. Data were collected through the use of questionnaires and focus group discussions. Respondents were digital-based MSEs entrepreneurs from five selected regions, with Central Java having the largest number of digital media users. Key informants included experts from Diponegoro University, the International Council of Small Business (ICSB), the Department of Cooperatives and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises at the provincial and district levels, and non-governmental organizations. The collected data was analyzed using the Rapid Appraisal for Micro and Small Enterprises (Rap-MSE’s) method. To assess the sustainability status, the study utilized several dimensions, including economic, environmental, social, institutional, technological, and inclusivity factors. Both multidimensional and individual analyses indicated that the sustainability status was relatively robust. MSEs that integrated digital technology into their operations were able to withstand the challenges posed by covid-19 and adapt to the new normal. In conclusion, the inclusivity dimension in the adoption of digital technology has gained increased importance in driving local economic development.