Analyzing the impact of different government subsidy strategies of CR-express on social benefit

Amid global efforts to achieve carbon neutrality and promote circular economy, the new energy vehicle (NEV) supply chain has emerged as a critical focus of industrial policy optimization. This study develops a Stackelberg game model where battery manufacturers act as leaders and NEV manufacturers as followers to investigate optimal decision-making strategies in the supply chain. We examine four distinct scenarios: no government subsidy (n-strategy), government subsidy for battery manufacturers (b-strategy), government subsidy for vehicle manufacturers (m-strategy), and dual subsidy (bm-strategy). Our analysis reveals several key findings: (1) any form of government subsidy enhances both power battery research and development (R&D) levels and waste recovery rates compared to the non-subsidy scenario; (2) from the perspective of consumer surplus and social welfare, the optimal subsidy strategy follows the hierarchy: bm ≻ m ≻ b ≻ n; (3) higher subsidy levels do not necessarily translate into increased government revenue. Under both high and low regulatory cost scenarios, the dual subsidy (bm) and vehicle manufacturer subsidy (m) strategies generate optimal government net income when subsidy values are appropriately calibrated. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers in designing effective subsidy mechanisms for the NEV industry, ultimately contributing to the optimization of economic and environmental benefits in this rapidly evolving sector.

PurposeGovernment subsidies can, to a certain extent, incentivize pharmaceutical companies to engage in research and development (R&D), thereby enhancing the efficacy of pharmaceutical products. Therefore, this paper aims to study the impact of different government subsidies on the international pharmaceutical market in order to help governments design a reasonable government subsidy strategy.Design/methodology/approachThis paper constructs a cross-border pharmaceutical supply chain game model to assess the impact of various government subsidy strategies on competition between pharmaceutical manufacturers in two countries. It analyzes and compares the effects of a no government subsidy (NGS) scenario with three subsidy strategies: R&D investment subsidy (RDS), pharmaceutical product innovation level subsidy (ILS) and pharmaceutical product transaction volume subsidy (TVS), on equilibrium price and system performance.FindingsThis paper finds that three subsidy strategies have positive incentives for the development of innovation in the domestic pharmaceutical market. The RDS is the optimal subsidy strategy, which has the most significant effect on the incentive effect of the domestic pharmaceutical market and the inhibiting effect on the invasion of imported pharmaceutical products. Government subsidies facilitate the innovation capacity of pharmaceutical companies. It also finds that when subsidies increase in the TVS scenario, the wholesale and retail prices of domestic pharmaceutical products decrease instead.Originality/valueFirst, this work extends the traditional supply chain to a cross-border supply chain by adding the impact of tariffs on domestic and foreign pharmaceutical manufacturers. Second, in studying government subsidy strategies, we distinguish ourselves from previous studies by extending the subsidy strategies to three. Finally, we analyze the impact of tariffs and government subsidy strategies on pharmaceutical manufacturers in different countries in our analysis.

Consumers' increasing concern about the battery performance of New Energy Vehicles (NEVs) necessitates effective government subsidies to enhance corresponding investments and production. A subsidy strategy based on battery performance enhancement degree is proposed, and a comparative analysis with the retailer sales subsidy strategy is conducted. Our findings reveal that both subsidy strategies enhance battery performance and market demand, while a sales subsidy strategy potentially lowering the NEV price. The ratio of subsidy coefficients determines the effect of different subsidy strategies on the NEV supply chain's operational decisions. When each subsidy coefficient remains unchanged, an increase in performance sensitivity coefficient or a decrease in enhancement cost coefficient narrows the gap between the equilibrium solutions under the two subsidy strategies. Meantime, it can also further strengthen the advantages of the performance enhancement subsidy in improving member enterprises’ profits and consumer surplus. Finally, under identical government subsidy expenditures, the optimal subsidy strategy choice is closely related to the evaluation criteria.

Aiming to explore whether governments should choose anti-pandemic or subsidy strategies in the post-pandemic era, this study constructed a three-level food supply chain that was composed of a leading third-party logistics provider, a supplier and a retailer, in which the third-party logistics provider used blockchain technology for food traceability to address consumer concerns about food safety. We then used game theory to analyze the pricing decisions, traceability levels, anti-pandemic effort levels and subsidy levels of the supply chain under different governmental anti-pandemic or subsidy strategies. Our results showed that in all scenarios, the higher the consumer preference for traceability information, the larger the traceability levels and anti-pandemic effort levels and the more favorable the outcome for all parties; thus, governments should improve consumer awareness of pandemic prevention. For the benefit of all parties, governments should adopt anti-pandemic and subsidy strategies simultaneously, even in the post-pandemic era. Interestingly, for the scenario in which governments could only adopt one strategy, when the cost coefficient of traceability was small, the governmental subsidies would actually lead to lower traceability levels of the 3PL. This study could provide decision-making references for governments during the post-pandemic era and a new possibility for blockchain application.

Conservation of the California Tule Elk: A socioeconomic study of a survival problem

This paper studies the pharmaceutical production supply chain system composed of upstream and downstream pharmaceutical enterprises, and explores the impact of government subsidy strategies on the new drug research and development (R&D) decision variables and profits of pharmaceutical enterprises as well as social welfare, when considering both the horizontal spillover effects within the industry and the vertical spillover effects between industries. Comparing and analyzing the impact of these strategies including non-government subsidy strategy, pharmaceutical enterprise innovation input subsidy strategy, pharmaceutical enterprise innovative product subsidy strategy, patient price subsidy strategy, and patient medical insurance subsidy strategy. By establishing a four-stage Cournot duopoly model incorporating spillover effects, the equilibrium solutions are obtained by backward induction, and the impact of spillover effects on decision variables is investigated accordingly. Studies have shown that: (a) Government subsidy strategies can promote pharmaceutical enterprises’ R&D investment and have a positive incentive effect on the pharmaceutical enterprises’ profits and social welfare. (b) The patient medical insurance subsidy strategy is the optimal subsidy strategy, which can generate higher profits for pharmaceutical enterprises and higher social welfare. (c) The horizontal and vertical spillover effects have different effect on decision variables, enterprises’ profits and social welfare under various subsidy strategies.

In view of the difficulty, high cost and complex technology of pharmaceutical logistics green transformation, based on the idea of green supply chain, three different government subsidy strategies for green logistics were proposed. Firstly, by constructing a Stackelberg game model with pharmaceutical logistics provider as the leader and manufacturer as the followers, the behavior selection and optimal decisions of the participants under the anarchic subsidy strategy, the single subsidy strategy of the pharmaceutical logistics provider, the single subsidy strategy of the pharmaceutical manufacturer and the coordinated subsidy strategy are analyzed respectively. Furthermore, the effects of different subsidy strategies on the green investment and strategy selection of logistics provider and manufacturer are compared. Finally, according to the research results, the paper provides reference and suggestions for the formulation of government subsidy strategy. The results show that the three subsidy strategies have different degrees of incentive effect on the green transformation of pharmaceutical logistics, and the single logistics provider subsidy strategy is the best.

Is quality cost or value-added service cost subsidy: Should the ocean big data supply chain adopt which cost subsidy approach of the government?

Subsidy strategy for reserving flexible capacity of emergency supply production

Green product design is a vital measure to support sustainable development in a circular economy era. This paper studies the multi-product pricing and green product design strategies under different supply chain structures and government subsidy strategies. Considering different channel leadership, we establish the centralized (C), manufacturer-led (MS), and retailer-led (RS) supply chain models, respectively. By applying a game-theoretical approach, corresponding equilibrium pricing, green product design, and government subsidy decisions under different supply chain structures are obtained. Through comparison and numerical analysis, we find that: (1) the different subsidy strategies of the government have an important impact on green product development. When the government provides a uniform subsidy strategy, a RS supply chain can bring greener product, more market demands, more profit, and more social welfare; (2) when the government provides a differentiated subsidy strategy, MS and RS supply chain structures can bring greener product and more market demand than the centralized supply chain. They can also bring the same social welfare and the same product to the green design level. However, the MS supply chain structure can bring more profit for the firm; (3) the consumers’ green awareness positively impacts the design and development of green product. Therefore, it is beneficial for the firm to adopt reasonable measures to boost the environmental awareness of consumers in order to realize the sustainable development of our society.

Subsidy policy selection for shore power promotion: Subsidizing facility investment or price of shore power?

This paper explores a resource utilization governance model that uses concentrated industrial production to transform agricultural waste into energy and fertilizer, aiming to reduce surface pollution and support the agricultural Circular Economy (CE). However, challenges such as raw material collection difficulties, low stakeholder participation, and limited social benefits persist. To address these issues, we develop a decision-making game model for an agricultural waste recovery and organic fertilizer production supply chain involving farmers, manufacturing enterprises, and the government. We analyze three subsidy strategies—no subsidy, subsidies to farmers, and subsidies to enterprises—while considering regional factors such as waste density and road complexity. Our results show that subsidies to both farmers and enterprises increase waste recycling and social welfare. Specifically, in regions with high waste density and complex roads, subsidies should target manufacturing enterprises, while in areas with flat terrain and high waste density, subsidies should favor farmers. In regions with low waste density and complex terrain, farmers should be prioritized. These findings propose solutions and policy recommendations for enhancing government involvement in agricultural waste management and guiding corporate investment decisions.

PurposeConsidering two types of subsidies for producers (supplier and manufacturer) and one for consumers based on product greenness and sales quantity, this study aims to formulate optimal supply chain green innovation and subsidy strategies, and to achieve this goal with the support of information systems.Design/methodology/approachThis study introduces a composite green-product supply chain where suppliers focus on green innovation for component greenness and manufacturers focus on green innovation for manufacturing process greenness. Game theory modeling is applied to investigate the differences of product greenness, supply chain members’ profit and social welfare under different government subsidy strategies.FindingsIncreasing the unit greenness subsidy coefficient can boost product greenness and supply chain members’ profits, but does not always raise social welfare. When the government exclusively offers subsidies to producers, subsidies should be allocated to suppliers when there is a significant disparity in supply chain green innovation costs. Conversely, it is more beneficial to subsidize manufacturers. Consumer subsidies have the potential to enhance both environmental and economic performance in the supply chain compared with producer-exclusive subsidies, but may not always maximize social welfare when supply chain members have low unit costs associated with green innovation.Originality/valueThis study examines the optimal decisions for green supply chain innovation and government subsidy strategies. Supply chain members and the government can use the information system to collect and evaluate the cost of upstream and downstream green innovation, and then develop reasonable collaborative green innovation and subsidy strategies.

The effects of government subsidies on the sustainable innovation of university-industry collaboration

This study examines the impact of the increase in social benefits on the workforce participation of mothers rearing children with disabilities. Since 2010, social policy in Poland has changed, leading to more generous payments from the state to families with children. Based on a large national probability sample from the Household Budget Survey of 2010, 2019, and 2021, the employment rates are examined using population estimates, a measure of information value, and logistic regression. The results reveal that mothers of children with disabilities are much less likely to take up employment than mothers of typically developing children. Over time, this difference has widened. A mother’s education is the most informative predictor of her employment status. Moreover, its predictive power increases, as the less educated tend to quit their jobs and those with tertiary education work more often.