Analyzing regional disparities in dry port benefits

The aim of this chapter is to revisit in the context of more recent work in the field the work of Cullinane and Wilmsmeier (The contribution of the dry port concept to the extension of port life cycle. In: Bose JW (ed) Handbook of terminal planning. Springer, New York, pp 359–380, 2011) on the contribution of the dry port concept to the extension of the port life cycle. This extension relied on the use of vertically integrated corridors between the port and the dry port to move containers quickly and smoothly from the port to the hinterland for processing and stripping. This chapter brings another layer to this conceptualisation by adding the inland context, applying the intermodal terminal life cycle of Monios and Bergqvist (Intermodal freight terminals: a life cycle governance framework. Routledge, Abingdon, 2016), in order to discuss synchronicities between the port and inland terminal (or dry port) life cycle. Both seaport and dry port in the hinterland have their own institutional governance structures, national and local policy and planning regimes and internal investment strategies regarding infrastructure capacity limits, and these change over time according to the different life cycles. Yet the demand for improved quality of port–hinterland access to facilitate trade means that the two nodes must increasingly work together, which is already demonstrated in increasingly integrated ownership and operational models. However, for port–hinterland transport to function smoothly, it is essential to understand both potential synergies and conflicts between various stages of the port and dry port life cycles.

This paper aims at defining generic characteristics of dry ports by carrying out an analysis using a large sample of dry ports from around the world. The dataset includes details on 107 inland terminals worldwide. All dry ports in the database have been selected from studies in the extant literature before being shortlisted to fit our research scope. Data collected include terminologies used, actors driving the development, terminal throughput, total area, services provided and the relation with the corresponding seaport(s). Using statistical analysis, the paper examines how dry port parameters are influenced by (1) a different terminal set up, like sea-driven and land-driven development, developed and developing system, dry port functions; (2) specifications of the seaport with which the dry port is connected, i.e. seaport traffic, connectivity, utilization, etc. and (3) the transport leg linking dry ports and seaports. The findings could be applied to the planning and development of inland nodes from the perspectives of different stakeholders.

PurposeThe purpose is to identify the main characteristics of dry ports (DPs) in Brazil, discussing the role of this logistic player, challenges and opportunities. Furthermore, this study provides a structured framework to drive DP decision-makers, identifying and assessing a network of means–end objectives, which could be replicable to other contexts.Design/methodology/approachThis article approached initially a literature review and exploratory research to discuss the main characteristics of DPs in Brazil. The second step was to conduct a qualitative analysis following the value-focused thinking (VFT) approach in two case studies in Pernambuco state to assess the achievement of the main objectives.FindingsThis article identified that the main characteristics of DPs in Brazil are offering additional services with a cheaper storage cost, handling mainly import cargo and being connected to seaports through highways. Moreover, this study resulted in a framework to assess the objectives of DPs, which could be replicable in other contexts, improving the current operations of DPs.Practical implicationsThe framework to assess DPs' objectives bridged the gap between the literature and the practice working as a tool to drive decision-makers to improve the current performance of DPs in Brazil. Additionally, the main issues, challenges and opportunities discussed provide managers, policymakers and DPs operators with valuable insights into this theme.Originality/valueThis paper is the first study to present a framework to assess the objectives of DPs as a valuable tool to drive decision-makers to improve DPs operations. From this study, lessons could be learned and the process described could be replicable in other countries.

Abstract: Purpose: This paper identifies the impacts of port characteristics and port-logistics integration on port performance in the case of Ethiopian dry ports. Research Methodology: To complete the study, we used structural equation modeling to test the relationship between port characteristics and port-logistics integration with port performance. Moreover, Statistical Package for Social Science is also used to filter indicators. Apart from this, the study was conducted in three dry ports of Ethiopia having a sample of 279 employees. Results: The finding shows that port characteristics such as port infrastructure, port connectivity, and port privatization have significantly impacted port performance. Also, port-logistics integration has an impact on both port operational performance and port efficiency. Limitations: The main limitation is that the study focused only on three dry ports of Ethiopia which do not include other dry ports in the country. Contribution: Ethiopia suffered forced dependency on transit countries after a blooded war with Eritrea which resulted in customs delays at port. To reduce this, the study suggests that Ethiopia should coordinate in developing joint infrastructures, and formulating unfettered rules and regulations with its transit countries. Keywords: 1. Port characteristics 2. Port logistics integration 3. Port operational performance 4. Port efficiency

This chapter examines one developing economy, and investigates the development of dry ports in India over the past two decades, focusing upon how institutions and government policies acted as the environment heterogeneity in affecting the geographical settings of such facilities. The chapter will discuss the dualistic policies undertaken by the Indian government in its dry port sector, and how such policies have affected the spatial characteristics of dry ports in India. With more than 200 dry ports around the country, are all of them fully operational? Is there any wastage of resources? Why are some dry ports more successful than others (at least from an operational perspective)? This chapter will provide insight on the above queries. Towards the end, three case studies located in Southern, Central and Northern India will be examined, so as to illustrate the impact of institutional factors in the spatial settings of India’s dry ports. It should be noted that much of the information and analysis in this chapter was based on 26 semi-structured, in-depth interviews conducted by the authors with relevant personnel during a field trip undertaken in 2009–2010 (hereinafter called ‘interviewees’ while the unpublished information provided by them were called ‘anecdotal information’).

Determining the most appropriate location for a new dry port installation is generally a very complex and sensitive process that requires reasoned consideration of many criteria. In this article, we aimed to determine the best location for a dry port that would support the container terminals within the hinterland of Kocaeli ports by applying analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with a case study. The city of Kocaeli, located in the northwest part of Turkey, is the second rank after Istanbul in terms of export capacity. We identified a total of five locations as the candidates of a dry port in the Gulf of Kocaeli. After reviewing the literature and taking the opinions of the 85 experts from the relevant sectors, we developed seven criteria to be a basis in the AHP study and weighted the factors. We carried out the pairwise comparisons, in relation to the knowledge gained through the survey. Two different judgment scales—the Saaty’s fundamental scale and the balanced scale—were used in the pairwise comparison stage. After the comparisons, the variance related to the consistency ratios and the range of the sensitivity was also observed. In conclusion, at the end of this AHP, one of the options has remarkably placed the top rank for the most suitable location of a new dry port. It is assessed that the arguments for the criteria of the method in this study can be taken as a sample for future studies in different regions of the world.

Evaluating the role of dry ports in the port-hinterland settings: Conceptual framework and the case of Vietnam

A novel three-stage fuzzy GIS-MCDA approach to the dry port site selection problem: A case study of Shahid Rajaei Port in Iran

The reorientation of Russia's transport flows from the west to the east and south has revealed “bottlenecks” in the country's existing transport and logistics infrastructure, especially in its Asian part. Logistical constraints reduce the efficiency of processing commodity flows, slow down their movement across the border of the Russian Federation and within the country, and increase the costs of shippers and consignees. The insufficient capacity of seaports and Russian railways necessitates the use of intermodal and multimodal cargo transportation. The use of the dry ports concept can improve the efficiency of such transportation in the current economic conditions. Dry ports, as a new element of the transportation and logistics infrastructure, have significant economic potential to increase the efficiency of transporting goods and resources within national and international supply chains through access to various modes of transport. Their role is further increasing in the framework of the creation and development of new transport corridors, but they have not yet become widespread in Russia. Theoretical approaches to the interpretation of the concept of a dry port are investigated, the main distinguishing characteristics of dry ports, approaches to their classification are considered, and new classification features are proposed. The main infrastructural, technical and organizational requirements for the organization of dry ports are defined, the main functions of ports in modern economic conditions are identified. The potential benefits of using dry ports within the framework of the country's transport and logistics infrastructure are analyzed. The sources of financing for the construction of dry ports in world practice have been identified, and parameters for public-private partnership in the organization of new dry ports have been proposed.

This paper focuses on dry port as a key notion in port-hinterland development. We first discuss the concept of dry port by reviewing existing literature. Then, we explore the reasons behind the emergence and development of inland node systems in different geographical, economic and institutional contexts. Next, the paper presents a classification of dry ports based on a multitude of factors and dimensions and the respective benefits to different parties. The study then focuses on the specific characteristics of dry ports and associated transport networks in developing countries. In the last part, we present a case study on the dry port system in Vietnam by reviewing the seaport and inland transport system and analyzing the current status of inland terminals in Vietnam. To conclude, a SWOT analysis is presented with regard to the development of the dry port network in Vietnam, followed by recommendations for policy makers.

This paper focuses on dry port as a key notion in port-hinterland development. We first discuss the concept of dry port by reviewing existing literature. Then, we explore the reasons behind the emergence and development of inland node systems in different geographical, economic and institutional contexts. Next, the paper presents a classification of dry ports based on a multitude of factors and dimensions and the respective benefits to different parties. The study then focuses on the specific characteristics of dry ports and associated transport networks in developing countries. In the last part, we present a case study on the dry port system in Vietnam by reviewing the seaport and inland transport system and analyzing the current status of inland terminals in Vietnam. To conclude, a SWOT analysis is presented with regard to the development of the dry port network in Vietnam, followed by recommendations for policy makers.

The purpose of this study is to investigate which dry port services generate the greatest positive impact on stakeholders and their objectives. Stakeholders identified from the literature are the dry ports, the dry port’s municipality/region, the seaport, shippers, shipping lines, rail operators, and road operators. A method based on multi-actor multi-criteria analysis is applied to allow the evaluation of different scenarios considering the objectives and opinions of multiple stakeholders. The findings show that the basic services of the dry ports studied are crucial to establishing initial operations. Expanding the service portfolio by adding a wider range of customer-oriented value-added services generates extra economic and environmental benefits for stakeholders. The results expand the understanding on stakeholder benefits from the diversified range of dry port services, while the inclusion of multiple stakeholders in the analysis acknowledges the heterogeneity in stakeholder perceptions. Finally, this methodology enables the creation of an extensive set of criteria and indicators for dry port evaluations.

Ng A. K. Y. and Cetin I. B. Locational characteristics of dry ports in developing economies: some lessons from Northern India, Regional Studies. Contemporary economic development has triggered the importance of establishing distribution centres at appropriate locations in developing economies. However, so far, academic studies addressing this issue are rather scarce. Hence, by investigating dry ports within two industrial clusters in Northern India, this paper investigates the locational characteristics of distribution centres in developing economies. Analytical results indicate that the spatial dynamics of dry ports in developing economies are different from Western, advanced economies due to geographical diversifications, the different paces of regional development and local practices. This paper also suggests that dry ports in developing economies are more cluster (rather than supply chain) oriented. Ng A. K. Y. and Cetin I. B. 发展中经济体无水港的区位特征：来自北印度的相关证据，区域研究。当代经济发展强调了在发展中国家特定区位建立配送中心的重要性。然而迄今为止学术界对该问题的关注甚少。通过考察位于北印度两大产业集群的无水港，本文考察了发展中经济体配送中心的区位特征。分析结果表明，发展中经济体无水港的空间活力与西方发达经济之间由于地理差异、不同的区域发展节奏以及地方实践而有所不同。研究同时表明，发展中国家无水港多是集群（而非供应链）导向的。 无水港 区位 发展中经济体 印度 Ng A. K. Y. et Cetin I. B. Les caractéristiques des emplacements des ports secs situés dans les économies en voie de développement: des leçons à tirer du nord de l'Inde, Regional Studies. Le développement économique contemporain a déclenché l'importance d'établir des centres de distribution dans des emplacements appropriés dans les économies en voie de développement. Cependant, jusqu'ici, plutôt rares sont les études théoriques qui abordent cette question. Donc, en examinant les ports secs situés au sein de deux clusters industriels dans le nord de l'Inde, cet article cherche à examiner les caractéristiques des emplacements des centres de distribution dans les économies en voie de développement. Les résultats analytiques laissent voir que la dynamique géographique des ports secs situés dans des pays en voie de développement se distinguent de celle des économies avancées de l'Ouest à cause des diversifications géographiques, de la variation du rythme de l'aménagement du territoire, et des pratiques locales. Cet article laisse supposer aussi que les ports secs situés dans les économies en voie de développement sont orientés plutôt vers les clusters (que vers les chaînes d'approvisionnement). Ports secs Emplacement Economies en voie de développement Inde Ng A. K. Y. und Cetin I. B. Standortmerkmale von Trockenhäfen in Schwellenländern: Lehren aus Nordindien, Regional Studies. Aufgrund der modernen wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung ist es in Schwellenländern wichtig geworden, Vertriebszentren an geeigneten Standorten zu errichten. Dieses Thema wurde jedoch bisher in wissenschaftlichen Studien nur selten behandelt. Aus diesem Grund werden in diesem Beitrag die Standortmerkmale von Vertriebszentren in Schwellenländern anhand des Beispiels von Trockenhäfen in zwei industriellen Ballungsräumen Nordindiens untersucht. Aus den analytischen Ergebnissen geht hervor, dass die räumliche Dynamik von Trockenhäfen in Schwellenländern aufgrund von geografischen Diversifizierungen, unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeiten der regionalen Entwicklung und lokalen Praktiken unterschiedlich ausfällt als die Dynamik in westlichen Industriestaaten. Ebenso wird in diesem Beitrag der Schluss nahegelegt, dass Trockenhäfen in Schwellenländern stärker clusterorientiert (statt lieferkettenorientiert) sind. Trockenhafen Standort Schwellenländer Indien Ng A. K. Y. y Cetin I. B. Características de ubicación de los puertos secos en las economías en desarrollo: lecciones del norte de la India, Regional Studies. El desarrollo económico contemporáneo ha impulsado la necesidad de establecer centros de distribución en ubicaciones apropiadas de las economías en desarrollo. Sin embargo, hasta ahora se han llevado a cabo poco estudios académicos sobre este tema. Por este motivo, en este artículo analizamos los puertos secos en dos aglomeraciones industriales del norte de la India para investigar las características de ubicación de los centros de distribución en economías desarrolladas. Los resultados analíticos indican que las dinámicas espaciales de los puertos secos en economías en desarrollo son diferentes de las economías avanzadas de Occidente debido a las diversificaciones geográficas, los diferentes ritmos del desarrollo regional y las prácticas locales. En este artículo también sugerimos que los puertos secos en las economías en desarrollo se orientan más hacia las aglomeraciones (en vez de hacia la cadena de suministros). Puerto seco Ubicación Economías en desarrollo India

Dry ports and related environmental benefits: a case study in Italy

Dry ports can be in the hinterland of sea ports as well as river ports. In addition, they can provide the services of classic logistics centers. Combining these three roles leads to a kind of integration not only of functions, but also of transport modes, parts and participants of the intermodal network, also to synergistic effects of the joint action of the parties involved. Therefore, this extension of the dry port concept can be called an integrative dry port. This very concept can be one of the chances for overcoming some of the environmental, economic, and social challenges of the logistics and economy of the Balkan Peninsula, bearing in mind its specific position in the context of geography and the global logistics network. The main contribution of this paper is the description of the new concept of the integrative dry port and the consideration of its applicability in the Balkans.