Analyzing how personality factors influence the perception of smile aesthetics across diverse dental educational backgrounds and lay audiences

Comparison of pleasant and unpleasant smile characteristics in the perception of the laypeople in an Iranian population

Highlights Gingival display and smile arc enhance the aesthetic value of a person's smile and may be influenced through dental treatment. The individual profile photographs taken during social smiles can be used to evaluate dental treatment plans. Abstract Background: An aesthetic smile is part of a person's attraction and affects their level of psychosocial well-being. Gingival display and smile arc belong to smile components that enhance the aesthetic value of a person's smile. Objective: To determine the differences in gingival display and smile arc in social smiles between males and females. Material and method: This analytical observational study was conducted with a cross-sectional design. A total of 110 photographs (55 males and 55 females) of study subjects who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were taken directly by Canon EOS-600D while performing social smile poses. The CorelDraw Graphic Suite 2022 measured gingival appearance and smile curves. The Chi-square test was performed to analyze the differences in gingival display and smile arc between males and females. Result: Based on gingival display, social smiles between genders were categorized into moderate (56.4% males and 58.2% females), low (30.9% males and 20% females), high (9.1% males and 18.2% females), and very high (3.6% males and females) smile lines. Social smiles based on smile arc were categorized into consonant (85.5% males and 96.4% females), straight (10.9% males and 3.6% females), and inverted (3.6% men and 0% women) smiles. No statistical differences were found in gingival display (p=0.397) or smile arc (p=0.113). Conclusion: There were no significant differences in gingival display or smile arc between males and females. Females, on the other hand, had an increased gingival show while smiling and no inverted smile arc.

Objective: The main objective of this study was to evaluate smile esthetics in terms of midline diastema, smile arc and gingival display during smile by patients reporting for orthodontic treatment. Study design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: Out Patient Door, Orthodontic Department Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro Sindh. Duration: The study was conducted within 06 months after the approval of synopsis i-e from Dec 2020, to May 2021. Sample size: Out measures were 1) midline diastema, 2) Gingival Display during smile, 3) smile arc. Sample size calculation was done by using “Openepi” software with 5% margin of error and 95 % confident value, Mean 0.95, Sample size was n= 126. Sample technique: Non-Probability consecutive sampling technique. Data collection method: After approval of this study from Ethical Review Committee of LUMHS study was conducted at Orthodontic Department, Institute of Dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro. There were total of 126 participants in this study, Data was collected showing three different front smiling photographs with various degrees of; Gingival Show During Smile i-e A= 0mm B =0.5mm C=1.5mm D=2mm E=2.5mm Smile Arc i-e A. Convex/Curved B. Plan/Straight C. Inverted/Reverse.

PurposeTo evaluate the perception of six esthetic components of the smile among dental students and whether such a perception was influenced by different education levels and gender.Materials and MethodsThis was an analytical cross-sectional study. A self-administered questionnaire was applied to all students (n=182) at clinical levels (year four and five) to evaluate a total of 6 ideal images (smile arc [SA], buccal corridor [BC], gingival display [GD], midline diastema [MD], crown length [CL] and width [CW]). In addition, students were asked to evaluate 20 altered images of these ideal images. A 10-point visual analogue scale was used to assess the ideal images, with the right end of the scale labeled “attractive smile” and represented by the number 10 and the left end of the scale labeled “unattractive smile” and represented by the number 0. The opposite scoring was applied for the altered esthetics smile images. Descriptive statistics was run to report sample characteristics, and the Mann-Whitney U-tests were performed to compare clinical levels and gender on aspects of esthetic smile.ResultsThe response rate was 80% (77 females and 68 males). Students at level five scored statistically significantly (p<0.001) higher towered attractive esthetic smile in ideal SA, while students at level four scored statistically significantly (p=0.016 and 0.006, respectively) higher towered attractive esthetic smile in ideal GD and CL. At altered smile esthetics images evaluation, fifth year dental students scored statistically significantly (p=0.030, 0.026 and 0.028, respectively) higher towered unattractive esthetic smile in two altered images of SA and one of BC. In contrast, fourth year dental students scored statistically significantly (p=0.022, 0.048, 0.027, respectively) higher towered unattractive esthetic smile in one altered image of GD, midline diastema and crown width. Males in year four were more likely to score higher than females for ideal images meanwhile females in year five scored higher than males towards attractive smile in ideal images. Males and females differences in scoring ideal images on both levels were generally non-significant (P>0.05) although males were statistically significantly to score higher than females towards unattractive images in both levels (p<0.05).ConclusionDental students at the fifth-year level of study had higher perception of esthetic components of smile than those at the fourth-year level. At each level of study, female dental students apparently had higher perceptions of smile esthetics than males.

Objective. The current investigation was proposed to determine the impression of trained dental professionals and laypeople towards the modified smile esthetics. Materials and Methods. Twenty-six images were randomized in a survey and graded according to attractiveness by the orthodontists, general dentists, and laypeople. Photographs of gingival display, midline diastema, central incisor crown length, and lateral incisor crown width were manipulated with five minor changes in each. For smile arc and buccal corridor, two major changes were incorporated besides the ideal photograph. One-way ANOVA and Post Hoc analysis of the responses were measured for each group. Results. Most evaluators opined that the ideal smile in each category was the most acceptable. Orthodontists were more perceptive and exacting in accepting variations in the smile arc and buccal corridors. Dental professionals and laypeople indicated that either complete absence or a 0.5 mm of alterations in a gingival display, midline diastema, and crown length makes a smile beautiful and pleasant. Changes in crown width were not perceivable by all the three groups. Conclusion. Eastern Arabic laymen are more conscious about alterations in gingival display, midline diastema, and crown length in their smile. Hence, the orthodontist should pay attention to these factors during any orthodontic treatment.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of anterior unilateral bite turbos (AUBTs) in correcting incisal plane cant and asymmetric overbite in orthodontic patients. A prospective study was conducted on 40 orthodontic patients (4 males, 36 females) undergoing fixed appliance treatment in a private practice setting. Subjects presented with either primary or iatrogenic incisal plane cants and received AUBT placement on the upper canine or lateral incisor of the more pronounced overbite side. Digital photographic analysis was used to measure changes in cant parameters at baseline (T0), pre-AUBT placement (T1), and post-treatment (T2). Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests. Results indicated that AUBTs significantly reduced incisal plane cant across all groups, with the primary group showing a greater overall improvement compared to the iatrogenic group. The lower incisal plane and gingival margin exhibited more significant cant correction than the upper ones. Patients adapted well to the appliances, with minimal debonding failures and no significant changes in temporomandibular function. This study supports the use of AUBTs as a minimally invasive, cost-effective alternative for incisal plane cant asymmetric overbite correction. Future research should explore long-term stability and comparative effectiveness with other cant correction modalities.

To evaluate the influence of occlusal plane cant in conjunction with maxillary gingival display on perception of smile attractiveness by orthodontists, dentists, and laypersons. Faculty of Dentistry at Baskent University. A total of 204 raters for smile attractiveness. A frontal intra-oral photograph of aligned teeth was modified using image processing software. Six different occlusal lines representing 0° to 5° cants were obtained by tilting the photographs. Each occlusal cant was adjusted in five manners resulting in five different gingival display amounts. Attractiveness of the 30 different smiles was evaluated by 204 raters divided into three groups (n = 68 in each group). Both occlusal cant (p < 0.001) and gingival display amount (p < 0.001) had a statistically significant influence on smile attractiveness. Smile attractiveness scores with reference to amount of gingival display showed a significant difference between rater groups (p < 0.001). Orthodontists preferred 1-mm coverage of upper central incisors by the upper lip, whereas dentists and laypersons preferred 2 mm. Significant (p < 0.001) interaction was observed between occlusal cant and gingival display amount, which influenced smile attractiveness. Increase in both occlusal plane cant and gingival display negatively influences smile attractiveness. The influence of occlusal plane cant becomes less when gingival display increases, whereas the influence of gingival display decreases when occlusal cant increases. Dentists are more generous than orthodontists, while laypersons are the most generous regarding smile attractiveness scores.

Influence on smile attractiveness of the smile arc in conjunction with gingival display

Objective: Smile attractiveness is a multifactorial construct influenced by variables such as tooth alignment, gingival display, and smile arc curvature. Despite growing global research on smile aesthetics, there is limited data from South Asia, particularly Pakistan, that evaluates these features across diverse demographic groups. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 810 participants in Pakistan, stratified into dentists (n=186), dental students (n=366), and laypersons (n=258). Participants rated digitally modified images depicting varied smile arcs (consonant, reverse, flat) and gingival displays (normal, high, low) using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, Tukey’s HSD, and Chi-square tests to evaluate group differences and demographic associations. Results: Consonant arcs with normal gingival display received the highest attractiveness ratings across all groups, while reverse arcs with high gingival display were rated lowest. The two-way ANOVA indicated significant effects of participant group (p &lt; 0.001) and smile type (p &lt; 0.001) on attractiveness ratings, with an interaction effect (p = 0.005). Chi-square tests revealed significant associations between group, gender, and age distributions. Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into smile aesthetic perceptions in Pakistan, highlighting the influence of clinical training on aesthetic sensitivity. These findings can guide treatment planning in esthetic dentistry, though future research incorporating cross-cultural analyses and dynamic smile assessments is recommended. Keywords: aesthetics; arch; dental; human; smile

Aim To evaluate the existence of different esthetic smile criteria in a section of North Indian population. Materials and methods A total of 100 students from Manav Rachna International University were selected based on the inclusion criteria. Two photographs were taken (smiling face and smile) using Digital Single Lens Reflex camera. The statistical analyses used were descriptive statistical tests and Spearman correlation after the images were analyzed using Digimizer image analysis software for different esthetic smile criteria. Results The coincidence of the facial midline with the arch midline occurred in more than half of the students. Most of the subjects presented parallelism between the incisal plane and the interpupillary line. Mostly parallel or straight smiles were also most commonly observed and the gingival display and the amount of gingival display were relatively less observed. Conclusion There exists a relationship between facial midline, interpupillary line, smile arc, gingival display, and facial esthetics. Clinical significance This article describes the existence of different esthetic smile criteria in enhancing the facial esthetics for a pleasing smile. How to cite this article Grover A, Dhawan P, Tandan P, Madhukar P. Analysis of the Esthetic Components of Smile in a Section of North Indian Population. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2017;7(2):43-47.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the Iranian’s perception of smile arc esthetics and its relationship with gingival display. Materials and Methods: Two sets of digitally-altered images of a female and a male model were presented to orthodontists and laypeople. Sixteen images with four different smile arcs (including reverse, flat, consonant, and exaggerated) in combination with four gingival display values (-4mm, -2mm, 0mm, and +2mm) were displayed in each set, sorted by gingival display. The raters were asked to rank the smile arcs from the most attractive (1) to the least attractive (4) for each amount of gingival display. The Kruskal-Wallis H and Mann-Whitney U tests were employed to statistically analyze the relationship of gingival display with smile arc esthetics. Results: Totally, 200 laypeople and 22 orthodontists participated in this study. Laypeople preferred flat smile arcs, and orthodontists believed that flat and consonant arcs were the most attractive in all gingival display values for female and male smiles. Reverse arc was mostly disliked in lower amounts of gingival display, and excessive arc was mostly disregarded in higher amounts of gingival display. Conclusion: As the preferred smile arcs were flat and consonant types regardless of the amount of gingival display, and reverse and exaggerated arcs were ranked the lowest in lower and upper extremes of gingival display, respectively, it may be concluded that the relationship between the gingival display and smile arc esthetics is more significant when considering unattractiveness.

Objective: To evaluate the awareness, knowledge, and attitude on monkeypox viral infection among preclinical and clinical dental students in Malaysia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 229 preclinical and clinical dental students via an online self-reported questionnaire. The questionnaire included 3 items on awareness, 15 items on knowledge, 9 items on attitude and 2 open-ended questions. Data were presented as frequencies and percentages. Chi-square test was used to compare knowledge and awareness scores between preclinical and clinical dental students and content analysis was performed for open-ended responses. Results: Preclinical and clinical dental students were aware of the existence of monkeypox (89.5% and 94.4%, respectively), that the disease emerged in non-endemic countries (81.0% and 87.1%, respectively) and that it was declared a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization (73.3% and 79.0%, respectively). Clinical dental students’ overall knowledge level was significantly higher than preclinical dental students (P=0.014). Both preclinical (95.2%) and clinical (96.8%) dental students demonstrated positive attitudes toward monkeypox with no significant difference (P=0.736) noted between them. Three themes emerged from the open-ended questions: (1) reimplementation of nationwide lockdown, (2) impact on the economy and health, and (3) disruption to the educational system. Students also anticipated their face-to-face learning to be reduced should there be a new outbreak. Conclusions: Both preclinical and clinical dental students showed comparable awareness and attitudes, while the latter demonstrated greater satisfactory knowledge toward the re-emergence of monkeypox during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nonetheless, efforts to improve dental students’ understanding of this alarming outbreak are required, to safeguard their health and minimise transmission.

Smile esthetics from patients’ perspectives for faces of varying attractiveness

Aim: To evaluate the perception of altered smile esthetics, including buccal corridor width, gingival display, and smile arc, among general dentists and laypersons. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 evaluators (20 dentists and 20 laypersons) assessed nine digitally modified smile images representing variations in buccal corridor, gingival display, and smile arc. Images were rated using a 5-point Visual Analog Scale, where 1 indicated the most attractive and 5 the least attractive. The Mann–Whitney U test was used for intragroup comparisons, while the Wilcoxon rank test assessed intergroup differences (P &lt; 0.05). Results: Both groups rated smiles with no buccal corridors as the most esthetic (1.60 dentists, 1.35 laypersons), while excessive buccal corridors were least favored. Gingival display of 0 mm was preferred by both groups (1.55 dentists, 1.35 laypersons), while 3-mm gingival display was least attractive. Dentists preferred a consonant smile arc (1.50), while laypersons were less critical (1.70). Conclusion: Although both groups shared similar esthetic preferences, dentists were more critical of smile variations than laypersons. These differences highlight the need for patient-centered esthetic treatment planning, considering professional judgment and patient expectations.

Objective: To investigate whether there is any difference in the perception of altered smile esthetics among dentist, students and layperson.&#x0D; Study Design: Comparative cross sectional study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institutes of Dentistry Rawalpindi, from Jan to Jun 2019.&#x0D; Methodology: A total of 120 individuals were selected among which 40 were dentists, 40 were students and 40 lay persons to evaluate smile on given questioner. An individual was photographed in frontal posed smile using a digital camera at natural head position. The photograph was digitally manipulated with minor changes and only desired area of face was framed using Adobe Photoshop CC 2018 software to generate a control and ideal smile. Series of photographs were generated by doing modifications to evaluate five variables including Smile arc, Gingival display, Buccal corridor, Midline shift and Midline diastema. The each group was also asked to rate attractiveness each picture on 5 points Visual Analog Scale (VAS) from 1- Most attractive to 5- Least attractive.&#x0D; Results: The p-value was for midline diastema and midline shift was &lt;0.01. Most of the study population was females 75 (62.5%) and the mean age of participants was 27.51 ± 5.42. Significant difference was observed at VAS in flat smile arc, nil buccal corridor, mid-line shift and midline diastema by study groups.&#x0D; Conclusion: Perception of midline diastema and midline shift differs significantly among dentists, students and lay persons.