Abstract
Water storage tanks are one of the primary and most critical components of water distribution systems (WDSs), which aim to manage water supply by maintaining pressure. In addition, storage provides a surplus source of water in case of an emergency. To gain the mentioned advantages, storage tanks are incorporated in most WDSs. Despite these advantages, storage can also pose negative impacts on water quality, thereby affecting water utilities. Water quality problems are a result of longer residency times and inadequate water mixing. This study aimed to construct a model of a tank’s water quantity and quality by formulating and solving governing equations based on inlet/outlet configurations and processes that influence the movement of water and chemical substances inside it. We used a compartment model to characterize the mixing behavior inside a tank. A water quality simulation model with different compartment arrangements was explored for extended filling and draining of storage, which was further validated using a previously published case study.
Highlights
Multiple infrastructures gather, store, treat, and distribute water from a water source to customers with variable demands in a water supply or distribution system
Water storage is one of the most prominent and essential components of water supply systems used to manage water supply by ensuring hydraulic reliability through maintaining pressure. This storage can be used as a water source at times of emergency or power outage [1]
Utilizing them raises water quality concerns, such as poor mixing and lengthening the retention duration [3]
Summary
Store, treat, and distribute water from a water source to customers with variable demands in a water supply or distribution system. Because water quality issues are crucial in the design and operation of water storage facilities, various innovative sampling techniques have been used to evaluate the temporal and spatial distribution of water quality within and outside the tank. This paper includes descriptions of multiple investigations and the results, producing a comprehensive mathematical model of water quantity and quality in water storage (tanks) using analytical approaches. Analytical solutions were provided in the past for this problem, but this study extended and combined previous solutions in one comprehensive paper for multiple cases of inputs and outputs of water quality constituents to water distribution system tanks for conservative and non-conservative water quality parameters. Multi-objective optimization algorithms allow for optimizations that consider multiple objectives simultaneously; each goal can be a minimization or a maximization of output [18]
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