Abstract
This paper provides an update and comprehensive review of the analytical methods used for quantifying isoflavones and their metabolites in cow’s milk. Isoflavones are secondary plant metabolites that are similar to 17 β-estradiol in chemical structure. They form one of the most common categories of phytoestrogens. Numerous health benefits have been attributed to isoflavones, but many of these compounds are also considered to be endocrine disruptors, with adverse effects on health. These contradictory trends offer an attractive prospect for future research, and therefore, sensitive and reliable analytical methods are required to clarify various issues about isoflavones. For this review, a structured methodology was used to select 26 relevant articles published between 2005 and 2015 from the Scopus and CAB databases. The review discusses individual steps of the analytical procedures described in these articles, including sample preparation, instrumental analysis and validation. The most commonly used analytical procedure is sample preparation involving liquid-liquid extraction and an enzymatic hydrolysis step followed by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis. Currently, however, there is no standardized procedure for the sample preparation and analysis of isoflavones in milk.
Highlights
Isoflavones are classified as phytoestrogens, which are widely distributed in the plant kingdom
Isoflavones appear to be metabolized mainly in the rumen, and the main route of excretion is through feces and urine, with only a small proportion being excreted in milk (Njåstad et al 2014)
Sample preparation is undertaken before instrumental analysis and should ensure that: (1) the target compounds can be extracted from the matrix; (2) interference that could disrupt the detection of the target analyte or damage the chromatographic column can be eliminated or reduced; (3) to allow analysis of samples with low concentrations of the target compound; and (4) the analyte of interest can be transformed into a more suitable form that could be separated, detected and quantified
Summary
Isoflavones are classified as phytoestrogens, which are widely distributed in the plant kingdom These plant secondary metabolites are structurally similar to 17 β-estradiol and bind selectively, but weakly, to mammalian estrogen receptors (ER), with a preference for ERβ (Vitale et al 2013; Baber 2013; Mostrom and Evans 2012). All the analytical procedures described in these articles were analyzed chronologically: initially, sample preparation procedures were compared and discussed, and the instrumental analysis and validation parameters were examined
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