Analytical and numerical investigation of a sea water desalination plant with integration of renewable marine energy (Jorf Lasfar OCP Morocco)

To what extent will China's ongoing electricity market reforms assist the integration of renewable energy?

For LCC-HVDC system with renewable energy integration, the randomness and variability of renewable energy will cause wide variations in the short-circuit capacity provided by the AC system. To effectively assess the supporting capability of the AC system, this paper proposes an active short-circuit capacity identification method for LCC-HVDC system considering the integration of renewable energy. First, an equivalent AC system was established based on Thevenin theorem, and the equivalent electromotive force was calculated. Then, the sensitivity of the voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) to the active and reactive power flowing through the PCC was computed. Through sensitivity analysis, the key factors affecting the identification of the equivalent resistance and reactance were studied. Based on this, an active short-circuit capacity identification method combining the switching of filters and changes in DC power was proposed. Finally, a simulation model of LCC-HVDC system with grid-following wind power integration was built in PSCAD/EMTDC for verification. The results show that the proposed method is applicable to AC systems with different impedance characteristics. Moreover, with the increase of the grid-following renewable energy, the short-circuit capacity provided by the AC system shows a decreasing trend. The proposed method can actively identify the short-circuit capacity of AC system with renewable energy, thus provides a theoretical basis for the development of control strategies for LCC converter station under different AC system strength.

Sustainable development of renewable energy integrated power sector: Trends, environmental impacts, and recent challenges

The global warming and its after effects have made small islands vulnerable with rise of sea levels and associated impacts on socioeconomic aspects of its inhabitants. While renewable energy (RE) integration is being adapted in mainland, small islands still depend on diesel and gasoline for power and water generation. The land area and distance from mainland remain a challenge for RE-based power generation, storage, and transmission in small islands. Past initiatives on RE integrations have shown mixed results of success and failures. The attributes for unsuccessful initiatives are selection of technologies, implementation policies, adaptation to existing infrastructure, and reliability of the newly adapted system. Renewable energy integrations in small islands should consider the social, economic, geographical, demographic, and ecological aspects. In this chapter, a renewable energy adaption model (REAM) is created with five sustainable principles. The model is designed to analyze the impact of new technology in the power–water–food nexus of the small island community. Two innovative RE integration projects are formulated, and their evaluation is done with the newly developed model. The analysis shows that RE integration projects in small islands need careful analysis of externalities, implementation strategies, benefit sharing in power–water–food nexus and minimal disturbance to existing sustainable balance of the island.

Portfolio Optimisation of Integrated Renewable Energy Cogeneration Systems

Close attention has been paid to the power generation using renewable energy such as the widespread energy and solar energy. After the integration of large-scale renewable energy, more uncertain factors are brought to the power system, which badly influences systems planning and operation. The wind power, photovoltaic power and load are random but correlative, therefore, it is more logical to study the influence exerted by the integration of renewable energy when considering the uncertainty and it is meaningful to the power systems planning and operation. Based on the summary and survey of previous studies, the technical route of power system analysis concerning the correlation of wind power, photovoltaic power and load is proposed in this paper and some key technologies are discussed. The study of correlation offers valuable analysis and recommendations to the connection of large-scale wind and solar power base.

Low Temperature District Heating for Future Energy Systems

Integration of large-scale renewable energy (RE) sources in particular, wind and solar energy into the grid introduces current and voltage harmonics due to power electronics devices as well as inverter connected into the RE sources. Ensuring adequate harmonics in the line currents of RE integrated power system is one of the biggest challenges today. Therefore, this study investigates the potential impacts in particular current and voltage harmonics causes due to large-scale integration of RE into the Berserker Street Feeder, Frenchville Substation under Rockhampton distribution network (DN), Central Queensland, Australia. From the model analyses, it has clearly evident that harmonics across the network increases with the increase of RE integration and causes uncertainties in the feeder as well as in the DN. This study also explores possible mitigation measures and it has seen that optimized STATCOM effectively reducing the adverse harmonic impacts of integrating large-scale RE into the DN.

This review focuses on the integration of renewable energy, advanced materials, and civil engineering to foster urban resilience in future cities. As urban populations continue to grow, the demand for sustainable solutions to mitigate environmental impact and enhance quality of life becomes increasingly urgent. This review explores how the convergence of renewable energy sources, innovative materials, and civil engineering practices can contribute to the development of resilient cities capable of meeting the challenges of the 21st century. The integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, offers opportunities to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Advancements in renewable energy technologies allow for the generation of clean, reliable energy within urban environments, promoting energy independence and reducing carbon footprints. Additionally, the utilization of advanced materials in urban infrastructure can enhance durability, efficiency, and sustainability. Nanotechnology, for example, enables the development of high-performance materials with superior strength, flexibility, and resilience. These materials can be used in construction, transportation, and water management systems to improve infrastructure resilience and longevity. Furthermore, civil engineering plays a crucial role in designing and implementing sustainable urban infrastructure. From green building practices to resilient urban planning, civil engineers are instrumental in creating cities that can withstand environmental hazards and adapt to changing conditions. By integrating renewable energy, advanced materials, and innovative engineering solutions, cities can enhance their resilience to climate change, natural disasters, and other challenges. This review examines case studies and examples of successful integration of renewable energy, advanced materials, and civil engineering in urban development projects worldwide. It also discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with implementing these solutions, including technological barriers, financial considerations, and policy frameworks. The integration of renewable energy, advanced materials, and civil engineering is essential for building resilient and sustainable cities of the future. By embracing innovation and collaboration across disciplines, cities can enhance their capacity to thrive in the face of environmental, social, and economic challenges, ultimately improving the quality of life for urban residents while preserving the planet for future generations.

Large-scale renewable energy (RE) integration into the distribution network (DN) causes uncertainties due to its intermittent nature and is a challenging task today. In general RE sources are mostly connected near the end user level, i.e., in the low voltage distribution network. RE integration introduces bi-directional power flows across distribution transformer (DT) and hence DN experiences with several potential problems that includes voltage fluctuations, reactive power compensation and poor power factor in the DN. This study identifies the potential effects causes due to large-scale integration of RE into the Berserker Street Feeder, Frenchville Substation under Rockhampton DN. From the model analyses, it has clearly evident that voltage of the Berserker Street Feeder fluctuates with the increased integration of RE and causes uncertainties in the feeder as well as the DN.

Smart grid technology plays an important role in the efficient use of distributed energy resources. With the increasing global CO2 emission rate and reduction in cost of renewable energy power systems, opportunities for renewable energy systems to address electricity generation seems to be increasing. To achieve commercialization and adoption for the local independent user, an understanding of the technologies involved as well as their implication is necessary. This paper presents a study on the smart grid challenges, technologies involved, and the integration of renewable sources. This explores the challenges and technologies used in integrating smart grid with renewable energy sources so as to achieve the demand side management. The introductory section provides a brief overview of the smart grid system. Subsequent sections cover the applications of smart grid as well as benefits, Issues and renewable energy integration in smart grid systems. This study would be useful to smart grid developers and practitioners of renewable energy systems and policy makers.

Over the last two decades, numerous initiatives have attempted to solve the problem of ac-cess to electricity in Africa by massively deploying renewable solar solutions to rural areas. In doing so, they are helping to redress the problem, yet struggling to convince rural stake-holders to accept and integrate solar systems. This article explores how energy initiatives can strategically employ communication models to ease transition, acceptance, and integra-tion of renewable energy in rural Africa. Qualitative and quantitative research methods and tools such as surveys, in-depth interviews, and field observation, were used. These were col-lected and feedback analyzed from rural stakeholders on how communication shaped their understanding, acceptance, and integration of renewable solar energy in their local area. The results showed that the attitudes rural stakeholders generally show towards renewa-ble solar technologies depend on the communication approach used to engage them. The results also revealed a range of symbiotic factors that can change public perception and ac-ceptance of solar energy. One of them is including rural voices in the process of developing and delivering communication. The research results demonstrate that public engagement in energy initiatives is a very important way of encouraging acceptance. The results recom-mend energy communication scholarship use inclusive methods to try to understand what makes rural stakeholders shift their attitudes and beliefs. Finally, it is argued that grassroots innovations and community led renewable approaches are socially acceptable and inclusive and development projects and initiatives need to find better ways to offer rural stakeholders the ability to shape their own communications.

Chapter 12 - Smart buildings and smart cities

L.H. Ferguson C.A. Janicak Fundamentals of Fire Protection for the Safety Professional 2005 Government Institutes/Scarecrow Press Lanham, MD (338 pp., US$ 79, soft cover, ISBN 0-86587-988-5)

The Benin energy sector faces serious challenges, including an unfavorable energy mix with regular power shortages, erratic power outages, reliance on electricity imports, and dependence on traditional cooking stoves. This study has investigated strategies critical for Benin to employ to achieve 24.6 %, 44 %, and 100 % renewable energy (RE) integration targets in the final electricity mix in 2025, 2030, and 2050, respectively. This study used the EnergyPLAN model to develop different energy scenarios suitable for Benin to achieve its proposed RE penetration target. A combination of natural gas (NG) with solar photovoltaic (PV), wind energy, hydropower, and concentrated solar power (CSP) is used to develop three scenarios for RE integration namely the government targets scenario, 2 % RE per year scenario and 50 % RE in 2050 scenario. The results show that the government targets scenario is too ambitious because of the current trend and pace of developing the energy sector. Moreover, a combination of 563 MW of NG, 125 MW of PV, 200 MW of wind, 600 MW of hydropower, and 60 MW of CSP would achieve 50 % RE by 2050 under the 50 % RE scenario. This scenario would decrease CO2 emissions by 50 % with no CEEP generation. Furthermore, the total electricity generation from MSW in Benin is estimated to be 0.232, 0.3215, and 1.16 TWh/yr in 2025, 2030, and 2050, respectively. The study's findings could help decision-makers and stakeholders make informed decisions to promote the integration of RE resources in the Benin Republic.