Analytic treatment of the system of a Kerr-Newman black hole and a charged massive scalar field

Abstract

Charged rotating Kerr-Newman black holes are known to be superradiantly unstable to perturbations of charged massive bosonic fields whose proper frequencies lie in the bounded regime $0 < \omega < \text{min} \{\omega_{\text{c}} \equiv m \Omega_{\text{H}} + q\Phi_{\text{H}},\mu\}$ [here $\{\Omega_{\text{H}}, \Phi_{\text{H}}\}$ are respectively the angular velocity and electric potential of the Kerr-Newman black hole, and $\{m,q,\mu\}$ are respectively the azimuthal harmonic index, the charge coupling constant, and the proper mass of the field]. In this paper we study analytically the complex resonance spectrum which characterizes the dynamics of linearized charged massive scalar fields in a near-extremal Kerr-Newman black-hole spacetime. Interestingly, it is shown that near the critical frequency $\omega_{\text{c}}$ for superradiant amplification and in the eikonal large-mass regime, the superradiant instability growth rates of the explosive scalar fields are characterized by a non-trivial (non-monotonic) dependence on the dimensionless charge-to-mass ratio $q/\mu$. In particular, for given parameters $\{M,Q, J\}$ of the central Kerr-Newman black hole, we determine analytically the optimal charge-to-mass ratio $q/\mu$ of the explosive scalar field which {\it maximizes} the growth rate of the superradiant instabilities in the composed Kerr-Newman-black-hole-charged-massive-scalar-field system.