Abstract
A new definition of the topological charge density for four-dimensional lattice gauge theory is given. Using a systematic expansion we find a cusp in the vacuum energy at θ = π signaling the spontaneous breaking of CP there. Unlike its two-dimensional analogue (QED 2), QCD confines at θ = π. As a by-product an expression for the topological mass term for (2+1)-dimensional lattice gauge theory is obtained.
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