Analysis of the mechanism of intensification of fermentation process using yeast cells in a suspension of high-dispersed oxides

Mixtures of nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2:N) with different concentrations of Ag and/or SiO2 particles (0.5, 1 and 2 wt.%) were prepared in solid state by mechanico-chemical interactions. Using UV–VIS spectroscopy, Raman scattering, photoluminescence (PL) and photoluminescence excitation (PLE), the influence of the particles on the host material is evaluated. UV–VIS spectroscopy studies indicate a TiO2:N band gap shift to the UV range with increasing concentrations of SiO2 and Ag particles. PL intensities decrease with increasing concentrations of Ag and/or SiO2 particles in the TiO2:N host matrix, which in turn could effectively restrict the electron and hole recombination. To explain these processes, the different de-excitation ways will be advanced, taking into account the energy levels diagram of TiO2:N/Ag, TiO2:N/SiO2 and TiO2:N/Ag/SiO2 systems. PLE spectra show a gradual decrease in their relative intensities after 165 min of continuous irradiation due to photosensitivity of TiO2:N. The plasmonic effect of Ag particles in the TiO2:N/Ag system is highlighted for the first time by PLE studies.

BackgroundInorganic particles, such as drug carriers or contrast agents, are often introduced into the vascular system. Many key components of the in vivo vascular environment include monocyte-endothelial cell interactions, which are important in the initiation of cardiovascular disease. To better understand the effect of particles on vascular function, the present study explored the direct biological effects of particles on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and monocytes (THP-1 cells). In addition, the integrated effects and possible mechanism of particle-mediated monocyte-endothelial cell interactions were investigated using a coculture model of HUVECs and THP-1 cells. Fe3O4 and SiO2 particles were chosen as the test materials in the present study.ResultsThe cell viability data from an MTS assay showed that exposure to Fe3O4 or SiO2 particles at concentrations of 200 μg/mL and above significantly decreased the cell viability of HUVECs, but no significant loss in viability was observed in the THP-1 cells. TEM images indicated that with the accumulation of SiO2 particles in the cells, the size, structure and morphology of the lysosomes significantly changed in HUVECs, whereas the lysosomes of THP-1 cells were not altered. Our results showed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation; the production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β; and the expression of CD106, CD62E and tissue factor in HUVECs and monocytes were significantly enhanced to a greater degree in the SiO2-particle-activated cocultures compared with the individual cell types alone. In contrast, exposure to Fe3O4 particles had no impact on the activation of monocytes or endothelial cells in monoculture or coculture. Moreover, using treatment with the supernatants of SiO2-particle-stimulated monocytes or HUVECs, we found that the enhancement of proinflammatory response by SiO2 particles was not mediated by soluble factors but was dependent on the direct contact between monocytes and HUVECs. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis showed that SiO2 particles could markedly increase CD40L expression in HUVECs. Our data also demonstrated that the stimulation of cocultures with SiO2 particles strongly enhanced c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation and NF-κB activation in both HUVECs and THP-1 cells, whereas the phosphorylation of p38 was not affected.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that SiO2 particles can significantly augment proinflammatory and procoagulant responses through CD40–CD40L-mediated monocyte-endothelial cell interactions via the JNK/NF-κB pathway, which suggests that cooperative interactions between particles, endothelial cells, and monocytes may trigger or exacerbate cardiovascular dysfunction and disease, such as atherosclerosis and thrombosis. These findings also indicate that the monocyte-endothelial cocultures represent a sensitive in vitro model system to assess the potential toxicity of particles and provide useful information that may help guide the future design and use of inorganic particles in biomedical applications.

Выполнены измерения чистого экосистемного обмена (NEE) на мочажинном участке грядовомочажинного комплекса олиготрофного болота «Мухрино» с разделением на составляющие компоненты: валовую первичную продукцию (GPP) и дыхание экосистемы (R eco ). Измерения проводились в течение самого тёплого (июль), переходного (сентябрь) и самого холодного (октябрь) месяцев летне-осеннего сезона методом автоматизированных камер с 30-минутным интервалом. Это позволило получить подробную информацию о суточном ходе и сезонной динамике показателей. Для исследованных месяцев по отдельности и полевого сезона в целом осуществлен корреляционный анализ связи между гидрометеорологическими параметрами и величиной потоков. Для дыхания экосистемы (R eco ) наиболее высокий уровень корреляции за сезон выявлен с температурой почвы (0.88), температурой воздуха (0.71) и уровнем болотных вод (-0.73); за июль наиболее сильная корреляция выявлена с температурой воздуха (0.70) и температурой почвы (0.68); за сентябрь -с температурой почвы (0.81) и уровнем болотных вод (-0.78); за октябрь -с фотосинтетически активной радиацией (-0.59). Валовая первичная продукция (GPP) сильнее всего коррелирует с фотосинтетически активной радиацией (PAR) -в июле коэффициент корреляции равен -0.95, в сентябре -0.86, в октябре -0.79, в целом за полевой сезон -0.89. Чистый экосистемный обмен (PAR), аналогично GPP, наиболее тесно связан с PAR. В июле коэффициент корреляции NEE и PAR составляет -0.91, в сентябре -0.74, в октябре -0.71, за весь полевой сезон -0.73. Стоит подчеркнуть, что для каждого рассматриваемого месяца влияние внешних факторов на потоки уменьшается с течением времени от июля к октябрю, достигая минимума корреляции в самом холодном месяце. Ключевые слова: Дыхание экосистемы (R eco ); валовая первичная продукция (GPP); чистый экосистемный обмен (NEE); фотосинтетически активная радиация (PAR); LI-8100A; уровень грунтовых вод (WTL); автоматические камеры; Мухрино; болотные экосистемы Западной Сибири; круговорот углерода. Global climate change is one of the most important and promising phenomena to study in actual time. One of the key causes of global climate change is increasing the greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere [IPCC, 2023]. The main greenhouse gases are methane, carbon dioxides and nitric oxide, which contribute to the greenhouse effect and global warming [Lashof, Ahuja, 1990] . Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is one of the most significant and widespread gases involved in the planet's global carbon cycle [Lashof, Ahuja. 1990] . At the same time, living organisms play a key role in creation of atmosphere composition. Autotrophic organisms use a carbon dioxide to build their body structures, including complex organic compounds. During ecosystem functioning, the part of the carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere through organism respiration, while another part is released through the decomposition of dead organic matter. Carbon dioxide may also be produced through natural and anthropogenic processes. Peatland ecosystems play a significant role in the planet's carbon cycle, both locally and globally. Peatlands in their natural undisturbed state are a significant long-term carbon sink 1 . However, the process of carbon deposition is not constantin different years, peatlands may serve either as carbon sink or source 2 . The main factor stimulating the carbon sequestration by peatland ecosystems is climatic conditions [Harenda et al., 2018; Bond-Lamberty et al., 2018] . Peatlands are the second most significant carbon stock on Earth and the largest on land. Despite covering only 2.84% of the Earth's land surface, the amount of soil organic carbon stored in them accounts for about one-third of all soil organic carbon on Earth. Peatlands in the northern hemisphere play a particularly important role in carbon sequestration, with an estimated accumulated carbon quantity of ~473-621 Gt of carbon [Yu et al., 2010] . The largest area of peatlands in Russia is located in Western Siberia, estimated at ~42% of the total Russian area [Vomperskiy et al., 1994; Sheng et al., 2004]. The territory of Western Siberia is featured to a high share of peatlands in original undisturbed state, making them an ideal location to study the impact of global changes on peatland biogeochemical functioning worldwide. The carbon balance of peatlands is mainly determined by two processes: photosynthesis and respiration [Harenda et al., 2018] . The main factors influencing the CO 2 flux from peatlands are photosynthetically active radiation, atmospheric air temperature (T avg ), soil temperature (T soil ), and water table level (WTL) [Miao et al., 2013;

Background and purpose Environmental safety concern needs in medical diagnosis and food test to rapidly identify pathogenic organisms and their susceptibilities to medical agents and toxic chemicals have encouraged to develop more easy and precise new diagnostic methods. Bio-electrochemical techniques are very convenient and useful for monitoring cell viability, the identification of intracellular function and understanding the biological process [1-5]. NAD+ /NADH is a crucial cofactor for enzymatic reaction and ATP production in cytosol and mitochondria. This biomaterial is one of the most important markers for sensing these mentioned processes.Recently, we have proposed a rapid and sensitive bio-electrochemical method for yeast cell counting in broader range as compared with conventional optical method through the monitoring of intracellular NADH by using a double mediator system with a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). Now by applying this method, we have succeeded to evaluate the fast-acting toxicity of nystatin (NYT) at very lower concentration on yeast cell. Near future this method could be also applicable to the bacterial cell viability. Experimental method Fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe cell suspension with HBSS was taken in each well of 96 well plates and final conc. of 500 μM potassium ferricyanide and 10 μM 1-mPMS solution were added in a drop wise to the cell suspension. After incubation for 10 minutes, SPCE was vertically immersed into the cell suspension and chronoamperometric measurement was immediately performed by potential application at +0.5V. Prior to the electrochemical measurement, yeast cell was grown in YE medium (0.5% Difco yeast extract and 3% glucose) supplemented with 150 µg/mL leucine to a density of cells/ml at 30 [6]. After culturing the cell, the optical density of cell suspension was measured at 592 nm to estimate the number of yeast cells. The cells were washed with HBSS and adjusted to the desired concentration. Result and discussion The oxidation current was measured in each yeast cell suspension by chronoamperometry of ferrocyanide generated by intracellular NADH with redox mediation of 1-mPMS. Fig.1 and Fig.2 shows that the decrease of oxidation current was clearly dependent on the concentration of NYT (final conc. was 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 mg/mL). It was indicated that intracellular NADH level corresponding to the cell viability was rapidly decreased by NYT effect. On the other hand, we have also investigated the toxic effect of NYT by double staining (SYT09 + PI) fluorescence method. Generally, NYT forms a pore-like structure on the cell membrane and thereby the integrity of the cell membrane is lost [7]. Though NYT caused disruption of fungal cell membrane at higher concentration but at very lower concentration PI could not enter into the cell and therefore PI staining was not occurred. That means, in this method no effect was observed (data will be shown in the conference). In electrochemical method, the cell viability decreased at very lower concentration maybe due to apoptotic pathway or the inhibition of unspecific enzyme by NYT inside of yeast cell but not for the disruption of cell membrane. It was now considered that NYT to the cells with pore formation in cell membranes is the secondary inhibitory mechanism and the primarily action may be due to intracellular oxidative damage and interaction with organelles [7].Though evaluation of nystatin effect at very low concentration was not possible by the double staining method but it was possible to detect it by our electrochemical method. References 1) A. Heiskanen, J. Yakovleva, C. Spégel, R. Taboryski, M. Koudelka-Hep, J. Emnéus, T. Ruzgas, ElectrochemCommun, 6 (2004) 219-224.2) A. Heiskanen, C. Spégel, N. Kostesha, S. Lindahl, T. Ruzgas J. Emnéus, AnalBiochem, 384 (2009) 11-19.3) R.Y.A. Hassan, U. Bilitewski, Anal Biochem, 419 (2011) 26-32.4) M. Rahimi, H.Y. Youn, D.J. McCanna, J.G. Sivak, S.R. Mikkelsen, Anal Bioanal Chem, 405 (2013) 4975-4979.5) Y. Matsumae, Y. Takahashi, K. Ino, H. Shiku, T. Matsue, Anal Chim Acta, 842 (2014) 20-26.6) Minoru Suga, Aya Kunimoto, Hiroaki Shinohara, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 97(2017), 53-58.7)Serhan G, Stack CM, Perrone GG, Morton CO. 2014. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 13: 18. Figure 1

Growth of KDP crystals from aqueous solutions with SiO2 particles whose size ranges from 10–2 to 400 μm in the static and dynamic modes has been studied. The effect of mother-solution supersaturation and particle size and concentration on the process of particle capture by a growing crystal is considered as well as types of inhomogeneities formed in the crystal under the influence of these factors. It is shown that the larger the particle size, the higher the probability of particle capture by a crystal. The influence of supersaturation, growth rate, face morphology, and particle concentration on particle capture and defect formation in crystals is also discussed.

Aluminum foam stabilization by solid particles

A novel approach for textile cleaning based on supercritical CO2 and Pickering emulsions

Effect of inert particle concentration on the operation of a microbial fuel cell

The method of gas detonation wave attenuation and suppression by chemically inert particles injection before the leading shock front is considered. Parameters and cell size of a steady detonation wave are calculated. The minimum mass fraction and total mass of particles and the characteristic size of the cloud, which are necessary for detonation wave suppression, are calculated. Methane-, Cyclohexane-, Hydrogen- and Silane-air mixtures with particles of W, WC, Al2O3, SiO2 and KCl are considered. Results of calculations quite good correspond to available experimental data. The process of suppression is more effective, if particles have high heat capacity and heat of melting. Among the particles under consideration Al2O3 and SiO2 particles are better for detonation suppression. Detonation limits for different chemical compositions of methane-air mixtures and mass fractions of SiO2 particles are calculated. An increase of particles concentration leads to increase of the lower and decrease of the upper detonation limit. If a mass fraction of condensed phase is high enough, detonation wave propagation is impossible. A steady detonation wave reflection from a rigid wall (D ? D reflection) in cyclohexane- and silane-air mixtures with SiO2 particles is considered. It is shown, that particles can drastically reduce pressure and temperature behind the reflected wave and therefore prevent crucial destruction of equipment. The efficiency of detonation wave suppression at different relations between fuel and oxidizer is calculated. Methane- and cyclohexane-air mixtures with Al2O3 particles are considered. It is shown, that for every particles concentration the value of cell size has a minimum, which corresponds to a fuel-rich chemical composition. It means that for this relation between fuel and oxidizer the efficiency of detonation wave suppression by particles injection has a maximum.

An efficient venturi scrubber system making use of heterogeneous nucleation and condensational growth of particles was designed and tested to remove fine particles from the exhaust of a local scrubber where residual SiH4 gas was abated and lots of fine SiO2 particles were generated. In front of the venturi scrubber, normal-temperature fine-water mist mixes with high-temperature exhaust gas to cool it to the saturation temperature, allowing submicron particles to grow into micron sizes. The grown particles are then scrubbed efficiently in the venturi scrubber. Test results show that the present venturi scrubber system is effective for removing submicron particles. For SiO2 particles greater than 0.1 μm, the removal efficiency is greater than 80–90%, depending on particle concentration. The corresponding pressure drop is relatively low. For example, the pressure drop of the venturi scrubber is ∼15.4 ± 2.4 cm H2O when the liquid-to-gas ratio is 1.50 L/m3. A theoretical calculation has been conducted to simulate particle growth process and the removal efficiency of the venturi scrubber. The theoretical results agree with the experimental data reasonably well when SiO2 particle diameter is greater than 0.1 μm.

A one-year subcontract sponsored by the Carbon Materials Technology Group of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) with the Department of Geological Sciences, University Of Tennessee, has been completed. A volumetric sorption system has been upgraded, in cooperation with commercial vendor, to allow the acquisition of data relevant to the program for the production of activated carbon molecular fiber sieves (ACFMS). The equipment and experimental techniques have been developed to determine the pore structure and porosity of reference materials and materials produced at ORNL as part of the development of methods for the activation of carbon fibers by various etching agents. Commercial activated coconut shell charcoal (ACSC) has been studied to verify instrument performance and to develop methodology for deducing cause and effects in the activation processes and to better understand the industrial processes (gas separation, natural gas storage, etc.). Operating personnel have been trained, standard operating procedures have been established, and quality assurance procedures have been developed and put in place. Carbon dioxide and methane sorption have been measured over a temperature range 0 to 200 C for both ACFMS and ACSC and similarities and differences related to the respective structures and mechanisms of interaction with the sorbed components. Nitrogen sorption (at 77 K) has been used to evaluate ''surface area'' and ''porosity'' for comparison with the large data base that exists for other activated carbons and related materials. The preliminary data base reveals that techniques and theories currently used to evaluate activated carbons may be somewhat erroneous and misleading. Alternate thermochemical and structural analyses have been developed that show promise in providing useful information related both to the activation process and to industrial applications of interest in the efficient and economical utilization of fossil fuels in a manner that is friendly to the earth's environment.

Disruption of yeast cells with high‐pressure carbon dioxide at both subcritical and supercritical temperatures (25, 35, and 55 °C) was investigated. The experimental results revealed that yeast cells can be ruptured to a maximal level by carbon dioxide within 5 h at 5000 psi and 15 h at 1000 psi at any of the temperatures studied. In the presence of β‐glucuronidase, the length of time for maximal cell rupture was reduced to 90 min at 5000 psi. Off‐flavors of the ruptured yeast cells were removed by carbon dioxide in the process. The functional properties of proteins were preserved, as indicated by enzyme activities in the ruptured cell suspension. An increase in temperature from subcritical to supercritical of carbon dioxide led to a significant enhancement of rapture rates under high pressures, while the functional properties of proteins and the removal of off‐flavors were relatively insensitive to the variation of temperature if the process was maintained at or below 35 °C. At higher temperatures, the activities of enzymes began to decay and were lost at about 55 °C under the carbon dioxide pressures of this study.

Wear and friction performance of PTFE filled epoxy composites with a high concentration of SiO2 particles

A vibrating membrane bioreactor (VMBR): Macromolecular transmission—influence of extracellular polymeric substances

O efeito de diferentes preparações de Saccharomyces cerevisiae foi avaliado sobre o desenvolvimento das doenças do morangueiro, como mancha-de-micosferela (Mycosphaerella fragariae), mancha-de-dendrofoma (Dendrophoma obscurans) e flor-preta (Colletotrichum acutatum) além da qualidade pós-colheita dos frutos. O trabalho foi realizado entre 2004 e 2005 na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos. Os tratamentos consistiram de pulverizações semanais de cinco diferentes preparados a partir da levedura S. cerevisiae: suspensão com fermento biológico fresco comercial, suspensão de células de levedura, suspensão autoclavada de células, filtrado de cultura em meio líquido e Agro-MOS®, produto comercial formulado a partir da levedura, além da testemunha com água destilada e do tratamento controle com fungicidas. Nenhuma das preparações apresentou efeito contra a mancha-de-micosferela; preparações com a presença de células vivas e o produto Agro-MOS® apresentaram efeito contra mancha-de-dendrofoma; preparações com suspensão do produto comercial e filtrado de cultura líquida reduziram a incidência de flor-preta em flores e frutos. Preparações de S. cerevisiae com suspensão de células, suspensão autoclavada de células e filtrado de cultura líquida promoveram aumento na produtividade dos morangueiros que variou de 589,6 a 617,8 g planta-1. Preparações de S. cerevisiae, com presença de células vivas ou não, alteraram o metabolismo do morangueiro, aumentando a atividade das enzimas quitinase e glucanase, envolvidas na resistência sistêmica adquirida. Todos os tratamentos, com exceção do tratamento com suspensão autoclavada de células, reduziram a incidência de mofo-cinzento em pós-colheita de frutos.