Analysis of the Influence of the Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Academic Interactions on Students' Language Politeness

The Effectiveness of a Human Patient Simulator in the ATLS Shock Skills Station

Objectives • To assess the intensity of labor pain and outcome of labor among the control group. • To assess the effectiveness of ambulation on intensity of labor pain and outcome of labor among the experimental group. • To assess the usefulness of ambulation by opinionnaire among experimental group. • To compare the effectiveness of ambulation on the intensity of labor pain and outcome of labor among experimental and control groups. • To find an association between the intensity of labor pain with selected demographic variables. Materials and methods An experimental research approach was used for the study. Random sampling technique was used to allocate the subjects into experimental and control groups. Visual analog scale was used to assess the intensity of pain and observational check list was used to assess the outcome of labor. The study comprised of 40 primigravida mothers and they were grouped as experimental and control through randomization. One group received ambulation treatment, the other did not. The researcher then observed the groups to determine the effect of the treatment. Results The collected data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. The intensity of pain revealed that 40% in the experimental and 55% in the control groups experienced severe pain. The labor augmentation revealed that both oxytocin and cerviprime gel was used for 30% in the experimental and 35% in the control groups. On the mode of delivery, majority of mothers (60%) had normal vaginal delivery both in experimental and control groups. On the duration of the first stage of labor revealed that 50% in the experimental and 20% in the control groups were between 10 to 12 hours. Second stage of labor revealed that majority were between 1 and 2 hours in both the control and experimental groups. The opinion of experimental group mothers on ambulation revealed that half of the mothers (50%) agreed for recommending the ambulation for their neighbors and friends and less than half (35%) of them have agreed for comfort during first stage of labor and 40% of them have agreed for ambulation should be made as a routine in labor room. In the experimental group, mean pain score (6.8) is less than the control group (7.5). The calculated Mann-Whitney Z-value (2.045) is greater than the Z α-value of 1.960 at 0.05 level of significance. In the experimental group, the mean duration of first stage of labor score (3.95) is significantly higher than the control group mean score (3.00). The mean outcome of labor in experimental group (13.95) is greater than the control group. Conclusion There was a significant difference in the duration of first stage of labor between the experimental and control groups. But, there was no significant difference in the overall outcome of labor between experimental and control groups. There was no significant association between intensity of labor pain with selected demographic variables. This may be because of small sample size. How to cite this article Savitha V, Nayak S, Paul S. Effect of Ambulation during First Stage of Labor on Labor Pain and Outcome of Labor among the Primigravida Mothers in a Selected Hospital, Mangalore. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2013;5(1):1-3.

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Higher Education (HE) is an expanding reality, exerting an increasingly significant influence on teaching and learning processes. Its integration into the university environment is reshaping how instructors design and deliver their courses while providing students with new opportunities to personalize their learning experiences. Not only does AI enable task automation and resource optimization, but it also presents methodological, technological, and ethical challenges that warrant thorough investigation. In this context, we assessed the academic performance of two hundred and thirty eight students enrolled in an undergraduate degree program for early years education teachers, defining performance as their ability to design learning situations aimed at promoting mathematical thinking in young children. Our analysis distinguished between those who used AI to complete the task and those who relied on traditional teaching resources. To this end, we adopted a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design. In the quantitative phase, we employed a quasi-experimental post-test only design with experimental and control groups. In the qualitative phase, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the learning materials produced by the students in the experimental group with the support of AI. The findings indicate that the application of AI brought about significant changes in the teaching-learning process. The experimental group obtained better academic results than the control group. These results underscore, on one hand, the transformative potential of AI to improve pedagogical practices, and on the other, the need for research to examine its long-term effects on student learning, teacher engagement and ethical use, and the development of HE curricula that include AI as a teaching resource.

Zmiany metylacji i oksydacji w próbkach DNA bydła bytującego w środowisku zanieczyszczonym metalami ciężkimi

The instructional-educational process in learning to swim plays a crucial role in children's development. Approaching methods and use in training practices of all ages and performance levels have been the subject of ever deeper research, so that the effectiveness of training in this area is increasingly visible. The issue of motivation in sports is a topical issue because it is essential for athletes' involvement and performance. Although material stimulation can be considered an important factor in motivating athletes, it is not necessarily enough to commit them to an extremely difficult and risky path, such as that of performance sports. Athletes' motivation stems from a complex combination of factors, including passion for sport, the desire to demonstrate their skills and talents, the aspiration to achieve personal and collective goals, and the desire to achieve recognition and satisfaction through sporting success. The purpose of the research is to identify the level of motivation for swimming and performance of children aged 9-10 years. Research method: the test Motivation for swimming of children aged 9-10 years (adaptation after N. Luskanova) The test was applied by the researcher in October 2022 to a number of 30 children aged 9-10 who practice swimming in the Tirgoviște Swimming Complex and CSȘ Tirgoviște Swimming Pool. Depending on age, we have, within the experimental group, 7 children aged 9 and 8 children aged 10. Within the control group, we identify 6 children aged 9 years and 9 children aged 10 years. We observe that the two groups are homogeneous, referring to the age variable. Regarding the gender of the subjects who are part of the group subjected to the experiment, we observe homogeneity in terms of gender, in each group there are 5 girls and 10 boys. The distribution according to the residential environment from which they come is as follows: from the experimental group 3 subjects come from the rural environment and 12 from the urban environment, and in the control group 1 subject comes from the rural environment and 14 from the urban environment The test results can be seen in Table 1. The difference between the values obtained between the experimental and control groups is not significant from a statistical point of view, since the values of the statistical indicators are close, we observe small differences between them.Table 1. Distribution of results on the Motivation for swimming test of children aged 9-10 years (adaptation according to N. Luskanova), experimental group and control group (n=20 boys)tabelThe differences between the two groups in the statistical indicators are variable, the difference between the averages is small, 0.6 points, in the standard deviation the difference between the groups is 0.77 points, the minimums recorded are equal to 15 points, and the difference between the maximums of the groups is 1 point. These results show homogeneity regarding the level of motivation between the experimental group and that of the control group. Table 2. Analysis of the level of motivation for swimming in the experimental and control groups, boystabelWe find that the level of motivation for swimming of the interviewed subjects is good. On the first level are ranked 2 subjects from the experimental group SC with 26 points and CR with 25 points, and from the control group subject MR with 25 points. These subjects have a very good motivation to practice swimming. On the second level, a number of 3 subjects from experimental group II are ranked with 24 points, AN with 23 points, AT with 20 points and six control subjects BM with 24 points, NA and RN with 23 points each, CI, AI and VE with 21 points each. The motivation of these subjects is characterized as good. Level III, respectively of relatively good motivation, has 5 subjects from the experimental group in the ranking: DF with 19 points, MG with 18 points, BL and IA with 17 points, GI with 15 points. In the control group, three subjects were registered on this level: BG with 19 points, RO with 18 points and DC with 15 points. None of the subjects was ranked on level IV-weak motivation and on level 5-very weak motivation. Overall, the motivation of 9-10 year olds for swimming is good and relatively good. In the following we will analyze the results recorded by the girls' teams. Table 3. Distribution of results on the Motivation for swimming test of children aged 9-10 years (adaptation according to N. Luskanova), experimental group and control group, (n= 5 girls)tabelThe difference between the values obtained between the experimental and control groups is not statistically significant as the values of the statistical indicators are close in value. The difference between the averages of the two groups is 1.04 points, the standard deviation being 2.82 points in the case of the experimental group and 1.49 in the case of the control group. The difference between the minimum values is 1 point, and between the maximum values is 4 points in favor of the experimental group. The results obtained by the girls from the two groups subjected to the experiment, in the Motivation for swimming test of children aged 9-10 years, are as follows: on the first level, with a very good motivation, only GM ranked with 26 points, from the experimental group , on level II, with good motivation, the subjects AF with 22 points and BM with 20 points from the experimental group and DV with 22 points, AN and IF with 20 points each from the control group are highlighted. On level III, relatively good motivation, there are EL with 19 points and MT with 18 points from the experimental group and BP and NO with 18 points each from the control group. Table 4 Analysis of the level of motivation for swimming in the experimental and control groups, girlstabelConclusions The analysis of the obtained data shows us that both groups subjected to the experiment, both in the case of boys and girls, have a good motivation for swimming, but there is a need to increase the level of motivation to maintain interest in this sport and to register performance, through specific activities. We believe that an increased level of motivation among children between the ages of 9 and 10 in swimming practice can have a significant impact on their development both in sports and personally. In correlation with the research results, we propose the following recommendations: - For each group of children, by age level, a psychological training program targeting the motivational component will be developed, which will be integrated into the training process. This program will be adapted to the specific needs of the group and will aim to adapt motivation and, implicitly, sports performance. - The psychological training program will include strategies and techniques to support the development of children's motivation for swimming, promoting commitment, the desire to excel and perseverance in training and competitions. This could include, among other things, visualization sessions, stability of personal goals, working with thoughts and emotions to maintain a positive mindset and focus on success.

Objective To investigate the effects of probiotics on the survival of sepsis mice and their mechanism. Methods A total of 60 male C57BL6 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups, respectively, the sham operation group (n = 20), the control group (n = 20) and the experimental group (n = 20). After feeding 2 d, mice in the experimental group were given 200 μL probiotics solution daily; mice in the control and sham operation groups were given 200 μL NaCl solution, with continuous intragastric administration for 4 weeks. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was performed on the mice in the experimental and control groups, while mice in the sham operation group were performed with the same procedures of CLP except for cecal puncture. Ten mice in each group were used to observe their activity and survival of 7 d, and the blood and colon tissues were taken in the other 10 mice in each group after 24 hours. The expression levels of serum inflammatory factor interleukin 22 (IL-22), IL-2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the colon tissues were measured by the hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining method, and the expression of colonic mucosa (Occludin) in each group was observed by the immunohistochemical method. Results Mice in the sham operation group grew well, mice in the control group curled up in a corner of the cage and trembled, and mice in the experimental group were more active than the experimental group, without obvious tremor. At 7 d, there were still 3 survived mice in the experimental group which were given euthanasia; the 7 d survival was significantly higher than that of the control group (P = 0.020). At 7 d, 10 mice in the sham operation group all survived and were given euthanasia. The expressions of serum IL-22 [(103 ± 23) ng/L vs. (27 ± 9) ng/L, t = 7.590, P < 0.001], IL-2 [(328 ± 27) ng/L vs. (77 ± 21) ng/L, t = 21.368, P < 0.001] and TNF-α [(94 ± 22) ng/L vs. (56 ± 9) ng/L, t = 4.734, P < 0.001] in the control group were significantly different as compared to the sham operation group. Meanwhile, the expressions of serum IL-22 [(75 ± 33) ng/L vs. (27 ± 9) ng/L, t = 3.755, P = 0.001], IL-2 [(217 ± 30) ng/L vs. (77 ± 21) ng/L, t = 10.850, P < 0.001] and TNF-α [(107 ± 20) ng/L vs. (56 ± 9) ng/L, t = 5.956, P < 0.001] in the experimental and sham operation groups all showed statistically significant differences. Compared with the control group, the expressions of serum IL-22 [(103 ± 23) ng/L vs. (75 ± 33) ng/L, t = 2.185, P = 0.042] and IL-2 [(328 ± 27) ng/L vs. (217 ± 30) ng/L, t = 8.371, P < 0.001] in the experimental group were significantly different, while the TNF-α [(94 ± 22) ng/L vs. (107 ± 20) ng/L, t = 1.363, P = 0.188] expression showed no statistically significant difference. In the sham operation group, the colonic mucosa was intact and the glands were regularly arranged with little or no inflammatory cell infiltration. However, mice in the control group appeared derangement, deformation and lack of colonic mucosal epithelial glands, fuzzy connected structures of enterocytes, and extensive infiltration of inflammatory cells some of which had crypt abscess. The colonic epithelia of mice in the experimental group were basically complete without erosion and loss, glands were normally arranged, and the infiltration of inflammatory cells decreased more as compared to the control group. The results of immunohistochemistry showed that mice in the sham operation group had complete acinar structures of colonic epithelial cells and more Occludin proteins. The acinar structures of colonic epithelial cells in the control group were destructed and disappeared, and there were infiltration of inflammatory cells and less Occludin proteins. The acinar structures of colonic epithelial cells in the experimental group were complete with widened interacinar gaps, and the expression of Occludin protein increased as compared to the control group. Conclusion Probiotics can inhibit the reduction of Occludin of intestinal epithelial cells and stabilize barrier structures of intestinal mucosas, thus effectively improving the survival of septic mice. Key words: Probiotics; Sepsis; Occludin

This randomized-controlled trial demonstrates that an exercise consultation, based on the transtheoretic model of exercise behavior change, significantly improves short-term adherence to exercise.

The study aimed to (i) explore the effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models like Chat GPT to facilitate English language learning among Thai students in Higher education and (ii) compare the English Language Learning effectiveness among Thai Students after implementing artificial intelligence (AI) like Chat GPT to facilitate English language learning. The participants were Thai students aged 19-20 from first-year pre-service teachers in Bangkok. A total of 120 students participated, 60 in the control and 60 in the experimental group. The selection of participants was done through stratified random sampling to ensure a diverse representation of pre-service teachers with varying levels of English proficiency. We utilized a mixed-methods approach that combined qualitative and quantitative data: Standardized English tests, Chat GPT, focus group interviews, and field notes. The research instruments were (i) Standardized English Tests, (ii) Chat GPT, (iii) Focus Group interview questions, and (iv) Field Notes Form. The research findings strongly advocated integrating AI tools like Chat GPT in educational settings to facilitate more effective language learning. The study demonstrates that students who interacted with AI improved their language skills. A paired sample t-test revealed that this difference between control and experimental groups was statistically significant (p .001). Feedback from the focus group interviews indicated that students in the experimental group. After implementing artificial intelligence (AI) like Chat GPT, the AI-based learning experience increased engagement, personalization, real-time feedback, attitude change, and learning motivation. They reported that the real-time feedback and interactive exercises offered by Chat GPT helped them understand and apply language concepts more effectively. Lastly, the attitude changes because the students had high motivation, strong self-confidence, and a positive attitude shift.

“A Study was conducted to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Hand and Foot Massage on Pain among Post caesarean mothers at Selected Hospitals, Salem”. Quasi experimental pre test post test control group design was adopted. Non probability purposive sampling technique was used to select 60 post caesarean mothers among which 30 were assigned to experimental group and 30 were assigned to control group. The data was collected using structured interview schedule. Pre test was done for both experimental and control group by using Numerical pain intensity scale. Hand and Foot Massage was given for the experimental group for 20 minutes two times a day at 4hrs for first two days (morning and evening) and withheld for control group. Post test was done for both experimental and control group by using the same scale. The study findings showed that in experimental group, 14 (46.67%) of the post caesarean mothers belong to the age group of 26-30 and 12 (40%) of them belong to the age group of 21-25 years in control group 14 (46.66%) of them belong to the age group of 21-25 years. In experimental group, 15 (50%) had completed higher secondary education and in control group 12 (40%) had higher secondary education. In experimental group, 23 (76.67%) of them were unemployed, whereas in control group 20 (66.67%) of them were unemployed. In experimental group 24 (80%) were multi gravid, whereas in control group 17 (56.67%) were multi gravid. In experimental group 24 (80%) had previous history of caesarean section and in control group 15 (50%) had history of both. The mean pre test score in experimental group was 6.4±0.56 and mean post test score was 3.5±0.79. The ‘t’ value was 33.72 which is significant at p≤0.05 level. Hence H1 was retained at p≤0.05 level. The mean score in experimental group was 3.5±0.79 and mean score in control group was 6.1±0.65. The ‘t’ value was 15.66 which was significant at p≤0.05 level. Hence H2 was retained at p≤0.05 level. There was a significant association between educational status and pain among post caesarean mothers in experimental group. Hence H3 was retained at p≤0.05 level. There was no significant association between demographic variables and pain among post caesarean mothers in control group. Hence H3 was rejected at p≥0.05 level. Hence Hand and Foot Massage is one of the alternative and complementary therapies, which is simple, safe and cost effective and found to be effective in reducing pain after caesarean section and also promotes psychological wellbeing of the mother.

A Quasi experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of deep breathing exercise among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients at selected hospital in erode District was done by miss. S.ADHISAYJAYA as a Assistant Professor working on shree venkateshwara college of paramedical and allied health science.in department of Physician Assistant. The objective of the study were, to assess the breathing pattern before and after breathing exercise among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in control and experimental group. To evaluate the effectiveness of deep breathing exercise among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in experimental group. To find out the association between the breathing pattern with selected demographic variables in the control and experimental group In this study quasi experimental, non randomized control group pre test-post test design was adopted. The study include 60 samples patients who were selected by purposive sampling technique .the study was conducted in headquarter hospital at erode district demographic data ,modified dyspnea Borg scale and intervention for deep breathing exercise these are method used for data collection procedure. the tool was finalized of five medical and nursing experts and pilot study for the its clarity ambiguity and feasibility on similar subject to analyze the experimental data statistical analysis was used Modified Borg scale was used to evaluate the dyspnea. Experimental group received intervention of deep breathing exercise for 25 minutes twice a day for without treatment With regard to age, 9(30%) in experimental group and 10(33.3%) in control group belongs to the age group of 51 to 60 years and 9(30%) in experimental group and 9(30%) in control group belonged to the age group of above 60 years. Considering the sex, 17 (56.6%) subjects in the experimental group and 14 (46.6%) in the control group were females and the remaining were males. In relation to education, 9(30%) of them had high secondary school and 7(23.3%) of them had illiterate in experimental group and 7(23.3%) of them had high school education and 9(30%) of them had higher secondary education in control group.With regard to the occupation, 9(30%) were self workers and 9(30%) were industrial workers in experimental group and 9(30%) were self workers and 8(26.7%) were industrial workers in the control group. In relation to marital status 22(73.3%)were married and6(20%)unmarried in experimental group and 15(50%)were married and 6(20%) un married in control group Regarding the history of previous copd, 18(60%) in experimental group and 24(80%) in control group had no history of previous copd. Considering the duration of illness,10(33.3%) subjects having 6 years in and 10(33.3%) subject having 2-5years in experimental group and 12(40%)subject having 6 years and 9(30%)subject having in control.. With regard to the treatment of copd, 16(53.3%) subjects in the experimental group and 16(53.3%) of subjects in the control group. Findings of the pre test level of breathing pattern in control group on 2 subjects (6.7%) had moderate level of breathing difficulty and 5 subjects(16.7%) had severe level of breathing difficulty . And the post test level of breathing difficulty in control group , 2 subjects (6.7%) had somewhat severe level of breathing difficulty and10subjects (33.3%) had slight level of breath difficulty . Whereas in experimental group, the pre test level of breathing pattern 11 subjects (36.7%) had maximum level of breathing difficulty and 2 subjects (6.7%) had moderate level of breathing difficulty and the post test level of breathing difficulty, 12 subjects (40%) had very very slight level of breath difficulty, and 10(33.3%) had slight breathing difficulty, level of breathing in the experimental group. The calculated ‘t’ values in the control group were 2.07which are not significant. It is concluded that there was no significant differences between the pre and post test level of breathing pattern among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients The calculated ’t’ value in the experimental group were 2.64was statistically significant at p&lt;0.05 level which clearly shows that there was a significant reduce in the level of breathing pattern among patients among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after giving breathing exercise .Hence H1 is accepted. The obtained ‘t’ values for level of pain between the control and experimental group is 4.51which were highly significant at p&lt;0.05 level. These findings revealed that the subjects in experimental group had decreased level of breathing pattern after giving breathing exercise compared to control group. Hence research hypothesis H2 is accepted.

This study investigates the impact of peer-Dynamic Assessment (peer-DA) on the development of interlanguage pragmatic (ILP) competence among Indonesian EFL learners. While pragmatic competence is crucial for appropriate language use, systematic assessment approaches remain limited in the Indonesian EFL context, particularly regarding the integration of instruction and assessment. Through a true experimental design, 43 upper-intermediate EFL learners were randomly assigned to experimental (n=22) and control (n=21) groups. The experimental group received peer-DA instruction emphasizing collaborative scaffolding and reciprocal mediation, while the control group received traditional non-DA instruction. Data collection utilized the Key English Test (KET) for homogenization and dual multiple-choice ILP assessments for pre-and post-testing. Statistical analysis through independent samples t-tests revealed no significant differences between groups in pre-test scores (t(35)=2.92, p&gt;.05). However, post-test results demonstrated significantly higher ILP competence in the experimental group (M=14.79, SD=3.14) compared to the control group (M=8.11, SD=2.78; t(35)=4.47, p&lt;.05). These findings suggest that peer-DA effectively enhances Indonesian EFL learners' pragmatic competence, offering valuable implications for integrating assessment and instruction in EFL pragmatic development.

Statement of the problem: A research titled “A Comparative Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Helfer’s Skin Tap Technique Versus Routine Technique on Pain Reduction among Patients Receiving Intramuscular Injections in Selected Hospitals in Greater Noida.Aim: The aim of study is to assess the effectiveness of Helfer’s Skin Tap Technique Versus Routine Technique on Pain Reduction among Patients Receiving Intramuscular Injections in Selected Hospitals in Greater Noida.Objectives of the study · To assess the level of pain experienced by the patients receiving intra muscular injection using routine technique. · To find out an association between levels of pain experienced with selected demographic variables.Methodology: A qualitative research approach was used and the research design adopted for the present study was Experimental research design. The target population for the study was patients who all are receiving IM injection in selected hospitals, greater Noida. Convenient samplingTechnique was used during study. Simple size 60 data analysis was done based on objectives and hypothesis of study.Results: In this research the findings show that maximum number of patients under experimental group selected for the study who satisfied the inclusion criteria were N=12 (40%) where in control group N=13(43.4) were among 40-49 years, followed by N=8(26.7%) in both experimental and control group, were from 30-39 years further N=8(26.7%) in experimental and in control N=7(23.3) were of 20-29 years and N=2(6.7%)in both experimental and control group were of 50-60 years. In this research the researcher has selected N=60 (100%) as adult males both in experimental and control group. The majority of the patient N=22 (73.3%) experimental group N=28(93.3) control group were married, whereas N=8(26.7%) experimental group N= 2(6.2) control group were unmarried. Widower and divorced were N=0 in both experimental and group.The most of the patients lived in rural areas where as N=26 (86.7) experimental group and N=25(83.3) control group, followed by patient lived in urban areas where as N=4(13.3) experimental group N=5 (16.7) control group. Majority were N=11 (36.7%) in experimental group & N=16(53.3%) in the control groups subjects were can read and write & the experimental group N=10 (33.3%) and N=8 (26.7%) of subjects in the control group have no formal education. Whereas N=7 (23.3%) of the subjects in the experimental group and N=5 (16.6%) of the subjects in the control group have middle education. And N=2 (6.7%) experimental group N=1 (3.3%) in control group. Most of the patient were working in experimental group N=16(53.3) same in control group N=19(63.3) whereas N=14(46.7) experimental group N=11(36.6) control were not working. The level of pain perception during IM injection in Experimental group. Majority of the samples (100%) perceived minor pain with Helfer’s skin tap. whereas majority (53.3%) moderate and (46.7%) had minor pain with routine technique.Conclusion: The present study revealed that there was a significant reduction in pain among patients after administration of Helfer's skin tap technique. Thus it proved to be an effective treatment for pain.

Introduction Pregnancy and birthing are two supernatural processes that form the creation of life. Many pregnant women prefer caesarean section due to labour pain. To reduce the complications and enhance the early recovery of mother, early ambulation is very effective. Caesarean section mothers still lie straight in bed for minimum 24 hours. Through the research study, I would like to encourage the post-partum mothers for early ambulation and check the effects of early ambulation on involution of uterus. Objective: To assess the involution of uterus in control and interventional group among post-natal caesarean mothers in pre-test. To evaluate the effectiveness of selected intervention in experimental group on involution of uterus after early ambulation. To find the association between pre-test intervention score with selected socio demographic variables. Method: The study design was quasi experimental research design in which total 70 samples were selected through purposive sampling technique, 35 samples were in control group and 35 samples were in experimental group. In this study, researcher assessed fundal height just after 6 hours of caesarean section delivery and initiated early ambulation which involves Assist patient in sitting position, assist in standing position and walking, breathing exercises, kegal exercises and leg sliding exercises. fundal height is monitored in experimental group after intervention and in control group also, to measure the differences between the fundal height. Results: The findings showed that the pretest mean score of control group was 17.23 with SD 0.899 similarily in experimental group was 17.10 with SD 0.778. The post-test mean score for control group was12.986 with SD 0.660 similarly in experimental group 10.083 with SD 1.376. P value in pretest was 0.5338 which was no significant showed that no significance difference between experimental and control group before intervention and p value of post test in control and experimental group is 0.0001 which was significant showed that there was significant difference in post test level of uterine involution among post natal caesarean mothers in control and experimental group. The mean difference between pretest &amp; posttest of control group was 4.249 and in experimental group means difference was 7.026 this showed that there was significant effect of early ambulation in involution of uterus among post natal caesarean mothers. There was significant mean difference between post test of control and experimental group showed significant reduction in fundal height after early ambulation in experimental group. Conclusion: Therefore early ambulation was effective in reducing fundal height after caesarean section in post natal mothers.

A study of two 100-person groups of juvenile delinquents born in 1959 was conducted in the years 1981‒1985 at the Department of Criminology, Institute of Legal Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences. The first (experimental) group consisted of boys randomly selected from the total of 225 juveniles born in 1959 who had committed at least on offence while intoxicated. The other (control) group were 100 randomly juveniles selected from the entire population of 8196 juvenile delinquents born in 1959. None of the juveniles selected for the experimental group happened to find themselves in the control group as well. As shown by the findings, the juveniles who had committed at least one offence while intoxicated were much more demoralized as a group than the whole of juvenile delinquents. It seemed interesting, therefore, to follow the further fates of both groups as adults. The follow-up period was 7 years; until that time, all of the examined persons reached the age of 25 when the average Polish man be- comes stabilized to some extent, having graduated from university, worked for several or a dozen years (upon completion of secondary or elementary education respectively), and frequently having also established a family. Data on the life situation of the young men from both examined groups on their 25th birthday were obtained from the following four sources: ‒ the Central Register of Convicted Persons kept by the Ministry of Justice, and the Register of Convicted and Detained Persons where criminal records of the entire sample were checked; ‒ files of criminal cases of all men with criminal records (47.0% of the experimental and 35.0% of the control group); the files concerned criminal proceedings before common courts for offences committed after coming of age; ‒ questionnaire survey of 63.0% of the experimental and 66.0% of the control group; ‒ inquiry submitted to the sobering-up stations concerning the entire sample. As shown by the findings, 24.0% of the experimental and 13.0% of the control group established their own families before the age of 25. The proportions are high, as regards the experimental group in particular: erly in the 1980s, the newly married constituted about 10% of the total male population aged 20‒24 in Poland. The mean educational level was higher in the control compared to the experimental group; this concerns first and foremost cases of education higher than the elmementary technical (of which there were two in the experimental compared to ten in the control group). Moreover, no cases of illiteracy could be found in the control group, compared to one such case in the experimental group. Of all the men of the experimental group concerning whom data could be obtained, 80.4% had a regular job, and 19.6% stayed out of job or worked casually. Of the control group, 80.0% had a regular job (33% combining job with school), 18.3% stayed out of job or worked casually, and one person had entered university. The number of convicted persons in the experimental group (47) was larger compared to the control group (35) by 12.0%, the difference being significant. Also relapse into crime was higher in the expenmental group (l5 vs. 11 cases). The first offence committed by those convicted as young adults was mainly one against property: 35 cases in the experimental group (66.0% of all those convicted) and 28 cases in the control group (80.0%). The second most frequent offence of members of the experimental group was an aggressive act: against life and health, freedom, personal dignity and inviolability (10 persons, i.e. 18.8% of all those convicted). The offences of this type included: bodily injury (Art. 156 of the penal code – 3 persons, i.e. 6.4%); participation in a brawl or beating (Art. 158 and 159 – 1 person, i.e. 2.1%); infringement of bodily inviolability (Art. 182 – 3 persons, i.e. 6.4%); assault against a public functionary (Art. 233 and 234 – 1 person, i.e. 2.1%); insult against a public functionary (Art. 236 – 1 person, i.e. 2.1%). In the control group, 6 cases of such offences could be found (9.1% of all those convicted); yet the only offence under Art. 148 1 of the penal code, that is homicide, had been committed by a member of that goup.The other discussed figures and proportions were respectively: Art. l58, 159 – 3 persons, i.e. 8.6%; Art. 182 – 1 person (2.9%); Art. 233, 234 – 1 person (2.9%); and Art. 236 – 1 person (29%). Beside offences, the two groups manifested also other synptoms of social maladjustment. The symptoms found most often in both groups were: “contacts with persons known to the police as delinquent” and stays at the sobering-up station. As regards the experimental group, the third frequent symptom were brawls in the place of residence followed by bad opinion with neighbors, hooliganism, and avoidance of work. In the control group, avoidance of work ranked third, followed by bad opinion with neighbors, hooliganism, and brawls at the place of residence. This ranking of frequency of the symptoms of social maladjustment points to a greater aggressiveness of the young men from the experimental group. On the 63 young men from the experimental group concerning whom data could be obtained, 62 (98.0%) drank alcohol. In the control group 59 (89.0%) of the 66 concerning whom data could be obtained were drinkers. The group of drinkers included all those who had drunk several times a week already as juveniles, and 70% of those who had drunk once a week. In the control group, drinkers included 91.7% of those who had drunk as juvoniles (11 of 12 cases). Of those who had drunk as juveniles in the control group, 66.7% (8 cases) were convicted as adults. As shown by the discussed data, young men from the experimental group – those who committed as juveniles at least one offence while intoxicated prove much inferior in terms of the social situation to other men who also committed offences as juveniles but did not drink alcohol. Therefore, early alcohol consumption among juvenile delinquents is an important factor of a negative prognosis as to the further fates of such persons. A number of postulates have been formulated, addressed at the prosecuting agencies, criminal justice, and institutions designed to assist persons in extraordinary situation. With respect to the present sample, all such postulates acquire special importance and must be met without fail. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi kontynuację opracowania: Nieletni sprawcy przestępstw popełnionych pod wpływem alkoholu, „Archiwum Kryminologii” 1991, t. XVIII.

This study was designed to assess the impact of problem based learning on students’ critical thinking in science at elementary level. Major objectives of the study were to examine critical thinking’s of the students, to practice problem based learning through activities, and to evaluate critical thinking of the students after problem based activities. The study population was encompassed all students of 8th grade (20172) within District Muzaffar Garh. Sample consisted of total 50 students from within the same district. Twenty five students out of 40 were selected from Government Boys Elementary School Arshad Abad by using simple random technique as experimental group. Twenty five students out of 27 were selected from Government Boys Elementary Khara by using simple random technique as control group. The designs of study were pretest-posttest and Quasi experimental in nature. Problem based learning treatment pattern was applied. During 16-week treatment duration, the experimental group and the control group were treated with problem-based learning and taught through traditional lecture-based methods respectively. Data was collected from the control and experiment groups before and after four month problem-based learning through pre-test and posttest. After data collection, analysis of the data collected done through descriptive statistics by using mean, median, mode and standard deviation (SD) and inferential statistics by using t-test. Paired sample t-test was applied to measure significance difference value between the means of experimental and control group. T-test value is greater between experimental group and control groups in pretest than the significance value that shows there is significance statistical difference between experimental group and control group performances in pretest. Performance of experimental group is better. Value of T-test is greater between experimental and control groups in posttest than the significance value shows there is significance statistical difference in experimental and control groups performances in posttest. Experimental group performance is better. The experimental group performed better as compared to performance of control group in both pretest and posttest. But the difference in means of pretest of experimental and control group is very small than difference in means of posttest of experimental group and control groups. It depicts through problem based learning students’ critical thinking is highly improved.