Abstract
The cluster concept has gained special significance after the publication of the works of M. Porter “The Competitive Advantage of Nations”(1990). But the most popular definition of industrial cluster was formed eight years later, when he wrote that clusters are:“geographic concentrations of interconnected companies, specialized suppliers, service providers, firms in related industries, and associated institutions (e.g. universities, standards agencies, trade associations) in a particular field that compete but also cooperate”(Porter, 1998, p. 197). A cluster as a regionally focused form of economic activity generates positive effects for business and the region. Global researchers suggest that clusters help to increase the innovation and competitiveness of the country in which they are located. Since the 90s clusters have become an increasingly important element of economic development and innovation strategy of the European Union and its Member States. In years 2007–2013, clusters are expected to one of the objectives of support for EU regional policy. EU funds destined for cluster initiatives will help to take concrete actions by entrepreneurs interested in the cluster activity. Poland has recently joined the countries interested in popularizing the idea of clusters. Some specialized cluster studies have been carried out in Poland identifying clusters. This article gives an overview on policy support, formation and the functioning of clusters in Poland.
Highlights
The ability to compete in the national market and the flexibility of enterprises are becoming increasingly important in the face of the world economy
On the other hand at the same time gross domestic products according to purchasing power parity per capita in PPS was at 15300 €, but the average among the 27 countries EU was at 24 400 € (Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Poland, 2011, p. 749−752)
More detailed information about clusters in Poland is provided by a report „Cluster benchmarking in Poland”, which was prepared by Polish Agency for Enterprise Development (PAED) in 2010
Summary
The ability to compete in the national market and the flexibility of enterprises are becoming increasingly important in the face of the world economy. Level is still low in: innovative small and medium-sized enterprises, cooperation among businesses, level of entrepreneurship, and the amount of funding provided for research and development. The report emphasized the poor technical infrastructure in Poland, the low degree of cooperation between the public and private sectors as well as of research and development, and business environment institution quality (chart 2).
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