Analysis of the Experience of the EU Countries in the Field of Auditing the Effectiveness of Public Funds Aimed at Infrastructural Development

El propósito del estudio fue determinar de qué manera el proceso de programación presupuestaria influye en el uso de los fondos públicos en la Municipalidad Distrital de Ite, 2017. El nivel de investigación fue explicativo. La población estuvo constituida por los registros de la programación presupuestaria y el uso de los fondos públicos, del año 2017, siendo un total de 60 registros. No fue necesario obtener muestra. El instrumento utilizado fue la guía de análisis documental. Los resultados determinaron que el proceso de programación presupuestaria influye significativamente en el uso de los fondos públicos en la Municipalidad Distrital de Ite, 2017, debido a que en el presupuesto programado y ejecutado de ingresos y gastos por fuente de financiamiento en soles correspondiente al ejercicio presupuestal 2017 de la Municipalidad Distrital de Ite, en lo que se refiere al presupuesto de ingresos programado se tiene en PIM S/. 26 347 155 soles y lográndose una recaudación de S/. 27 303 756 soles, que representa el 103.6% llegando a superar a lo programado; en cuanto a los gastos se programó en PIM S/. 26 347 155 soles, llegándose a ejecutar S/. 20 139 382 soles, que representa el 76,4% del presupuesto programado.

The article deals with the peculiarities of disclosing information on the use of public funds by economic entities. The documents, which contain the main international standards of ensuring transparency and accountability of the use of public funds, realization of the right to information, budget and fiscal transparency, are analyzed. It is noted that the Laws of Ukraine "On Access to Public Information" and "On the Openness of the Use of Public Funds" regulate the mechanism of ensuring publicity, transparency and accountability of the use of public funds in Ukraine. It was clarified that the Law of Ukraine "On the Openness of the Use of Public Funds" specifies a list of subjects of disclosure of information on the use of public funds, which also includes administrators and recipients of state and local budgets, state and municipal entities. This Law also defines two groups of business entities of state and communal property in the sense of this Law. The norms of the Law of Ukraine "On Access to Public Information" have been analyzed. The information managers include those who occupy a dominant position in the market or who have special or exclusive rights, or are natural monopolies, with regard to information on terms of supply of goods and services and prices for them. It is noted that an important element of the mechanism under consideration is the availability of information on the use of public funds by economic entities. The attention is focused on the problems of publishing information on the use of public funds in Ukraine by business entities: imperfect norms of the Laws of Ukraine "On Access to Public Information" and "On the Openness of the Use of Public Funds"; the imperfection of monitoring and monitoring in this area. In order to improve the situation in this area, it is proposed to amend these laws and determine the scope of rights, responsibilities and responsibilities of information managers, as well as the procedure for monitoring and evaluation of the disclosure of information on the use of public funds. REFERENCES Petrunenko Ya. Tsilove pryznachennia zastosuvannia hospodarsko-pravovykh zasobiv zabezpechennia efektyvnoho vykorystannia derzhavnykh koshtiv. Pidpryiemnytstvo, hospodarstvo i pravo. 2017. No. 7. P. 77-81 [in Ukrainian]. Chorna V. Osoblyvosti vykorystannia publichnykh koshtiv u publichnomu upravlinni. Naukovyi visnyk Khersonskoho derzhavnoho universytetu. 2015. Iss. 6, Vol. 2. P. 144-147 [in Ukrainian]. Yakymchuk N.Ia. Rozporiadnyky biudzhetnykh koshtiv: systema ta pravovyi status. Chernivtsi: Vyd-vo Cher nivetskoho natsionalnoho universytetu, 2009. 647 p. [in Ukrainian].

Розглянуто особливості управління публічними фінансами в нових економічних умовах. Проаналізовано категорію ефективності у сфері управління публічними фінансами. Розглянуто проблеми, які пов’язані із ефективним розподілом та перерозподілом державних коштів в Україні. Обґрунтовано напрями підвищення ефективності управління публічними фінансами в нових економічних умовах.

The paper substantiates the separation of the limits of the preliminary state audit of such subspecies as: preliminary audit of the draft main financial and planning document of the country – the State Budget of the country; preliminary audit of actual transactions in public funds and other state-owned property (and in some cases – public funds). To build the theoretical basis of the mechanism of preliminary state audit, its terminological components are formed, such as: budget debt, budget financial debt, future illegitimate debt, actual illegitimate debt, followed by their interpretation. In order to optimize the work on the preliminary audit of actual transactions, it is proposed to identify the following areas: preliminary audit of the use of public funds within the execution of the State budget (expenditures of the State budget); preliminary audit of the use of public funds within the implementation of the budget and plans for the use of budget funds (expenditures of budget managers and recipients of budget funds); preliminary audit of other state-owned property. It is justified that the preliminary audit of the use of public funds within the State Budget (State Budget expenditures) is most appropriate to actually carry out at the stage of cooperation between the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, as the organizer of the State Budget Execution Management, and the State Treasury Service of Ukraine. Within the specified direction the paper forms the mechanism of actions on check at the following stages: opening the allocations from the general fund of the state budget; opening the allocations at the expense of other receipts of the special fund of the state budget; implementation of certain state budget expenditures; implementation of costs for repayment and servicing the debt and guarantee obligations of the state; carrying out credit operations at the expense of the state budget. Preliminary audit of the use of public funds within the budget estimates and plans (expenditures of budget managers and recipients of budget funds) is logical, according to the general procedure of the budget process, to carry out at the stage of interaction of budget managers or budget recipients, on the one hand, and Treasury bodies – on the other hand. The established procedure includes the appropriate actions for inspection by the specialists of the Accounting Chamber at the stage of the expenditure procedure. The preliminary audit of other state-owned property is proposed to be carried out at the stage of its write-off from the balance sheet with the establishment of the relevant value limits of the property and in accordance with the proposed procedure.

In order to plan and monitor the effectiveness of the use of public funds (finance), the article analyzes the essence of the category "effectiveness" in the context of public finance management. The elements of effectiveness of the use of public funds are defined – "economy", "performance" and "productivity". An approach to the formation of a system of indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of the use of targeted public funds is considered, based on the relationship between the selected stages of the implementation of a state event (project) and the corresponding groups of indicators that determine the "economy", "performance" and "productivity" of invested funds in the implementation of the project.

Modern transformational changes occurring in the socio-economic life of countries are conditioned by the evolution of information and communication technologies, the deployment of globalization, decentralization, the strengthening of the openness policy and the increase of efficiency of use and hence the transition from a bureaucratic model of government to a consensus model, a built model. implementation of entrepreneurial management mechanisms in providing social services to the population actualize the need for rethinking and justification the structure of public finance in the new environment. On the basis of systematic analysis, the theoretical aspects of «public finances» are revealed in the article, their structure is substantiated and the necessity of application in scientific circulation as an important dominant of civil society is proved. It is emphasized that the essential characteristics of this definition are revealed by the existence of financial and economic relations between the population, the state, other public institutions and economic entities regarding the formation, distribution, and use of public funds to meet the public needs of the population. It is shown that the structure of public finances is formed by state and local finances, finances of communal enterprises and state corporations, finances of enterprises and organizations of communal ownership, extrabudgetary trust funds and public funds. Among the dominant features of public finances in the context of modern transformations are transparency and imperative character. It has been argued that the vector of public finance reform must continue to be decentralization, which, in addition to the redistribution of resources and powers, should promote the extension of the financial powers of local governments, increase the transparency of both public and local finances, and raise public accountability. the public sector and improving the quality of life of the population.

This study aims to analyze the use of public funds and the impact of the Flypaper Effect on regional spending in Indonesia's four newly expanded provinces.The Flypaper Effect refers to the phenomenon where transfers of funds from central government to regions tend to be higher than the amount that should be received based on local conditions.This study involves four newly created provinces, namely West Papua, Gorontalo, North Maluku, and West Sulawesi.The research analyzed secondary data collected from various sources related to regional spending and transfers of central government funds.The analytical approaches used were panel regression and other statistical tests to identify the relationship between the use of public funds and the Flypaper Effect in the four provinces.The results showed Flypaper Effect phenomenon only occurred in the West Papua and Gorontalo Provinces.Meanwhile, in North Maluku and West Sulawesi, the Flypaper Effect phenomenon did not occur.This research provides important insights regarding public fund management policies and budget allocations at the regional level.The government needs to improve the fund transfer system and strengthen regional capacity in managing public finances can be important steps to reduce the dependence of provinces on funds from the central government.

The article is devoted to the study of control over the use of public funds on the basis of local budgets of Ukraine, considers the essence, principles, functions, current tasks, types, forms and methods of public financial control. The influence of state control of local budgets is revealed, the principles of public administration in the part of finances are substantiated. The purpose is to reveal the influence of state control of local budgets, the principles of public administration in the field of finance are substantiated. The control of public finances is carried out in order to ensure legality in the field of relations with special state bodies, prevention of financial violations, strengthening financial discipline in the formation, distribution and use of public funds. The role of public financial control is constantly growing, as it is an important means of administrative and legal regulation of economic, political and social processes in Ukraine, is not only a guarantee of transparency of state bodies and local governments, but also a guarantee of financial stability. Control over public funds is especially important in the field of public administration, as the effectiveness of its implementation depends on the successful development of the state economy. In addition, control over the distribution and use of public funds to the standards of public financial control will improve the coordination of regulatory bodies in managing budget processes at all levels of the budget, the implementation of control measures and management decisions. The practical application of state control, in particular the conduct of effective audits, will increase the effectiveness of control measures, create conditions for coordination of control bodies and controlled entities of state financial control, increase revenues to local budgets. The differences of the world's leading countries in terms of public financial control are presented.

Purpose:The objective of this research is to assess the viability of the construction of toll road infrastructure through public funds in the case of the construction of ABC street toll road, as well as to analyze the development of ABC road toll road, whether it is favorable or unfavorable to the community. Design/Methodology/Approach:The research was conducted using a mixed approach of qualitative and quantitative methods with concurrent or simultaneous designs. In this method, researchers combine quantitative and qualitative data at a time and then integrate information into the interpretation of results to provide a comprehensive analysis of research at the PT. ABC. Findings: The results of this study show that the calculation of the NPV of the construction of ABC street toll roads yields a value > 0, thus the development of this toll road infrastructure is worthy of a net present value (NPV). The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of the construction of ABC street toll roads is 10% > the Social Discount Rate (SDR), thus building the ABC road toll is worthy, which in this study uses a discount rate of 9%. The value of the benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of the construction of this toll road is > 1, so the construction is worthwhile. Practicalimplications:Government support in the use of public funds for the development of marginal toll roads is needed so that the viability of an investment can be preserved, which will encourage further involvement of investors in the infrastructure development of roads, especially toll roads, in Indonesia, eventually becoming an accelerator of economic and regional growth. Authenticity/Value: The association is committed to creating a sense of safety, comfort, and smoothness for road users by making efforts to comply with the Minimum Service Standards (SPM) continuously established by the Government in this regard through the Directorate of JBH-DJBM Ministry of PUPR, as well as striving to meet the level of customer satisfaction through surveys carried out on a regular basis, inter alia by adding guidance lamps, building weighing bridges, improving rest area facilities, and traffic management activities in conjunction with the police and other relevant parties.

How physicians and scientists can respond responsibly and effectively to religiously based opposition to human embryonic stem cell research

In the article, a study was conducted on the improvement of the methodology of internal audit of budget expenditures, the opinions of economists were studied, and the position of the author was cited. Improving the methodology of internal audit of budget expenditures is important for organizations seeking to improve financial management, strengthen budget control, and ensure optimal use of public funds. Based on the importance of internal audit functions in transparency, accountability and effective management of budget resources by continuously improving audit practices, applying technology-based approaches and adapting to emerging best practices, the final conclusion was formed at the end of the study.

This study comprehensively investigates the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies into the digital financial monitoring system within the context of enhancing decision-making efficiency in public administration. The relevance of this issue is determined by several key factors. Firstly, the increasing complexity of tasks faced by public authorities in managing financial resources necessitates the application of novel and more powerful tools for analysis and control. Secondly, the digitalization of the economy and society opens up broad opportunities for automating routine operations, identifying hidden patterns, and forecasting future trends in the financial sphere. Thirdly, in the context of the state of war and the post-war recovery of Ukraine, ensuring transparency and accountability in the use of budgetary funds, as well as the effective management of financial planning and control processes, acquires particular significance. The role of AI in ensuring key principles of public governance, such as transparency, accountability, and efficiency, is considered. It is emphasized that AI can be utilized for automating the collection and processing of large volumes of financial data, detecting anomalies and fraudulent transactions, forecasting financial indicators, and evaluating the effectiveness of budgetary programs. Particular attention is paid to the possibilities of applying AI to enhance analytical support for the decision-making process at various levels of governance – from local to national. Concrete examples of the implementation of intelligent technologies in the financial sphere of Ukraine are provided. Specifically, the experience of using AI in banking institutions for credit risk assessment, anti-money laundering detection, and the automation of customer service processes is examined. The possibilities of applying AI to increase the efficiency of electronic public procurement systems (ProZorro) and open data on the use of public funds (Spending.gov.ua) are analyzed. The article also presents an overview of the European Union countries' experience in the field of AI application for financial monitoring, particularly in the context of combating corruption and ensuring financial stability. The challenges and risks accompanying the process of digital transformation of the public financial sector are considered. These include problems of ensuring information security, including protection against cyber threats and unauthorized access to confidential data; ethical aspects of AI use, related to potential biases in algorithms and insufficient transparency in decision-making; the problem of insufficient digital literacy of officials, which may complicate the effective use of new technologies; as well as the problem of fragmented information systems, which hinders data integration and comprehensive analysis of financial information. A set of recommendations covering various aspects of AI implementation in the field of financial monitoring is proposed. These recommendations include: the development of a clear strategy and action plan for AI implementation; the creation of specialized AI analytics units in public authorities; the organization of training and professional development of personnel in the field of AI; the development of ethical codes and standards for AI use; ensuring interoperability between different information systems; ensuring the transparency and understandability of AI algorithms; the development of a methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of AI implementation; as well as strengthening measures to ensure cybersecurity and data protection. It is underscored that the integration of AI into financial monitoring is a promising direction for the development of public administration, which can contribute to enhancing its efficiency, transparency, and accountability. At the same time, the necessity of a comprehensive approach to AI implementation, taking into account not only technical but also organizational, legal, and ethical aspects, is emphasized. The article also identifies promising areas for further research in this field, including the development of a methodology for ethical auditing of AI algorithms, the adaptation of AI models to the specifics of different levels of governance, the development of tools for public oversight of AI use (CivicTech), the evaluation of the economic and social effectiveness of implemented solutions, as well as a comparative analysis of international experience in the application of AI in financial monitoring.

The significant funds annually are allocated under the government’s support for agriculture from the federal budget and the subject’s budgets of the Russian Federation. In this regard, one of the priorities of the control and audit departments should carry out audit of the use of public funds to support agriculture (hereafter - the performance audit). Auditing the effectiveness includes three main phases: a preparatory phase, during which the preliminary study of the control measures subjects, according to its results, the guidelines for the conduct of the performance audit are prepared; the main stage, which includes the collection, validation and analysis of data required to audit the facilities, and also obtain information from other sources. As a result of this phase check acts are signed; the final phase, during which findings, conclusions and recommendations are formed, a report on the results of performance audit are prepared and considered in due course. At the preparatory stage, the particular attention is paid to the identification and analysis of possible risks in the use of public funds. Taking into account the evaluation subject, the audit objectives and further on each of these criteria for evaluating the effectiveness are selected, representing the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the organization, processes and results of the use of public funds and the activities of audit objects that show what should be the organization and processes and the results are a testament to efficient use of public funds.

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the legal and organizational principles of public finance management. Methodology of research. To achieve this goal, the following tools of research methods were used: dialectical - to determine the initial conditions and content of public finance; analytical - when processing literary and Internet sources; causal - to determine the institutional support of public finances; abstract-logical - to generalize the presented material and draw conclusions. Findings. The issues of the essence, structure and peculiarities of the functioning of public finances in Ukraine are studied; the institutional units that ensure their formation and control over their use are specified. The peculiarities of the content of public finances of Ukraine are considered, the peculiarities of their components are determined in order to achieve not only economic, but also social goals by the state. Under the institutional support of public finances, we understand a purposeful hierarchical system of legal institutions that form, use, redistribute and control the funds of the public sector. Thus, based on this, among the components of institutional support are: state; executive, legislative and judicial powers; VRU, CMU, central executive bodies, higher judicial bodies, National Bank, Accounting Chamber; local councils, local executive bodies, budgetary institutions, subjects of state and communal property; advisory bodies under the President of Ukraine, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine; scientific, public and professional institutions (organizations) in the field of public finance. The relevance of the study of issues related to improving the efficiency of state bodies on the basis of recommendations of international organizations and the formation of appropriate regulatory and legal support is substantiated. For example, it was noted that an action plan for the respective years should be developed, which includes directions for each area of the Strategy for Reforming the Public Finance Management System (in our opinion, public) and specifies the state bodies responsible for a particular area of public finance. The bodies of state financial control are determined in accordance with the current legislation, in particular: external control carried out by the legislative bodies - the committees of the Verkhovna Rada and the Accounting Chamber; executive authorities and the central bank - the Cabinet of Ministers (through specialized state bodies) and the NBU; and internal (performed by heads of state bodies) and internal audit (performed by the main managers of budget funds). The requirements of the current legislation to ensure openness of their spending and opportunities for free access to this information in order to strengthen public control over the use of public funds are analyzed. The composition and main problems of institutional support of public finances are formulated and practical recommendations for its evaluation are provided, which will allow to increase the efficiency of public finance management. Originality. The scientific novelty lies in the separation of the content of the institutional support of public finances and recommendations for its evaluation according to the established criteria. Practical value. The main provisions of this study in the form of evaluation proposals can be used to monitor the impact of public reform policy on the development of public finances. Key words: public finance; management; institutional support; public authorities; public financial control.

From the Editorial Board Scott Morrison and Katie Caprino Recently, The New York Times ran a series of editorials that included multiple views on a variety of educational issues with implications for the nation in general and the Big Apple in particular. Various writers argued in favor of an accountability policy that favors charters, teacher evaluations, and the closure of failing schools (Canada, 2013), a coordination of services to support families, communities, and schools (Noguera, 2013), an implementation of the Common Core State Standards without a focus on value-added teacher evaluations (Stern, 2013), and a comprehensive school system that focuses on the educational and personal needs of students and abandons a reliance on a testing culture (Ravitch, 2013). While the New York City mayoral race has brought media attention to its issues of educational philosophy and policy, North Carolina, the home of The High School Journal, has also drawn coverage, generated by legislative decisions affecting its teachers, students, and communities. In addition to ending unemployment benefits and imposing voter identification requirements, North Carolina legislators significantly cut back on spending for public schools. The Editorial Board (2013) of The New York Times lamented these actions, accusing the Republican-controlled state government of "tearing down years of progress in public education, tax policy, racial equality in the courtroom and access to the ballot" (para. 2). "Though North Carolina has been growing rapidly," the Editorial Board continued, "it is spending less on schools now than it did in 2007, ranking 46th in the nation in per-capita education dollars. Teacher pay is falling, 10,000 prekindergarten slots are scheduled to be removed, and even services to disabled children are being chopped" (para. 5). The legislature also eliminated extra pay for teachers with graduate degrees, and tenure is being phased out (Bonner, 2013; Helms, 2013; Leslie, 2013). Like the Editorial Board of The New York Times, the Editorial Board of The High School Journal is concerned about the consequences of these actions. What has happened in North Carolina is not unique. Other states, such as Idaho and South Dakota, have also abandoned tenure (Lu, 2013). Regarding funding for public schools, elementary and high schools in 26 states received less state funding in the 2012-13 school year than they did the previous year, and in 35 states school funding remained less than 2008 levels (Oliff, Mai, & Leachman, 2012). Teacher retention is also making headlines. Across the nation, an increasing number of teachers are making short-term commitments to the classroom, leaving after two or three years to pursue other careers (Rich, 2013). Whereas some may argue that brief stints in public education are admirable forms of community service, we have known for decades that high-need schools have higher teacher attrition rates and often hire [End Page 1] novice teachers, resulting in students "... who most need expert teaching ... [being] continually subjected to instruction by persons who are just learning, or perhaps not learning, how to teach" (Darling-Hammond, 1990, p. 289). It is not surprising, then, that researchers have found that teacher turnover harms student achievement (Ronfeldt, Loeb, & Wyckoff, 2013) and disrupts school culture and community. At The High School Journal we seek research and scholarship that will reveal how these particular legislative decisions and trends are affecting the students, faculty, and curricula of our nation's high schools. Scott Morrison scmo@live.unc.edu Katie Caprino kcaprino@live.unc.edu References Bonner, L. (2013, July 22). Teachers say NC lawmakers are forsaking education. Raleigh News & Observer. Retrieved from http://www.newsobserver.com/2013/07/22/3049030/teachers-say-lawmakers-are-forsaking.html Canada, G. (2013, September 10). Let's have more accountability. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/09/05/new-york-citys-public-education-challenges/the-next-mayor-of-new-york-needs-to-continue-to-demand-school-accountability Darling-Hammond, L. (1990). Teachers and teaching: Signs of a changing profession. In W. R. Houston (Ed.), Handbook of research on teacher education (pp. 267-290). New York: Macmillan. Google Scholar Editorial Board. (2013, July 9). The decline of North Carolina. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/10/opinion/the-decline...