Analysis of Solid Waste Management and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in México: A Study Case in the Central Region

The study assessed solid waste composition and how it is being managed in relation to health implications in Agbor, a nordal town in Delta State Nigeria. Survey design was used and both primary and secondary data were collected through stratified sampling technique. Solid waste management practices of respondents were generated through the use of six hundred and twenty five (625) copies of questionnaires in 8 sampling unit. The hospital report on malaria and typhoid were obtained from the medical records of central hospital, Agbor covering 1997-2011, and the solid waste composition was obtained through waste characterization and measurement. The data on solid waste management and composition were from the sanitary records of the Local Government Council, and private waste firm in Agbor called Total Resource Management Limited. The study results show 34.14% were traders, 22.14% were civil servants, 14.34% were farmers, and 29.38% were business men and women. The waste generated is 1594.11 kilogram. This shows that the total respondents of five thousand generated 1594.11 kilogram of solid waste daily. Baleke area has the highest rate of waste generated which was 223.43 kilogram; followed by Dr. Whyte area which generated 214.46 kilogram of solid waste daily. Edike area generated the highest amount of solid waste in the entire sampled areas, having 180.34 kilogram of solid waste generated daily. Food items were the greatest amount generated daily, with 1135.21 kilograms per day. Eighty five percent (85%) of malaria cases and 98.6% of typhoid cases in Agbor was consequent on solid waste composition. To enhance effectiveness in solid waste management in Agbor, the Local Government Authority should subsidize the amount of money paid for the services of private waste managers. The promulgation of punishable laws on the indiscriminate dumping of solid waste will help avoid the dumping of waste waterfront at road side and street drains.

The study was conducted to survey the current situation of domestic solid waste generation and management in Hau My Bac A commune, Cai Be district, Tien Giang province in Hau My Bac A village, Cai Be district, Tien Giang province. Data on the status of generation and management were collected through direct interviews with 60 households and placed garbage bags in the households for a period of seven consecutive days a week. The research results showed that the average amount of domestic solid waste generated by each household was about 1-1.5 kg of waste/day, on average, each person generated 0.36 kg/person/day. The composition of domestic solid waste of households was relatively different, mainly organic waste, accounted for 47.88% higher than the other components. Plastic, plastic bags accounted for 24.65%, metals 2.19%, paper and carton 9.89%, foam box accounted for 4.15%. The wood, fabric, rubber, and glass were negligible. Hazardous wastes were not found in the study period. Currently, the collection was not met the demand of efficient solid waste collection due to the lack of facilities and the workforce. The rate of solid waste collection was only about 40-55%. Local domestic solid waste managers have not been paid adequate attention to the overall management of solid waste. Local residents in the study area were not fully aware of the harms of domestic solid waste, did not actively participate in solid waste management activities leading to the difficulty in the management. The active participation of the community and strict enforcement of the environmental protection law can make an important contribution to the full management of solid waste in the study area.

The main aspects of solid waste management in an area are the quantities, compositions and characteristics, as well as its current management situations. Elephant Study Center (or Elephant Village), well known by Thais and foreigners, presently lacks of data on generated solid waste quantities, compositions and characteristics, including its management. This study investigated the quantities using purposive sampling of solid waste containers, the compositions according ASTM D 5231-92 standard, and some characteristics, i.e. bulk density, moisture content and total solid, using weighting and weight differences. In addition, the current solid waste management problems, community participation levels, and recommendations were studied by using questionnaire and interviews. The results found that the average amount of solid waste was 138.44±15.42 kg/d. The compositions were 17.50%, 47.20%, 30.17% and 5.13% of organic waste, general waste, recyclable waste and other wastes, respectively. Besides, the characteristics of bulk density, moisture content and total solid were 0.037±.003 kg/l, 57.75±6.85% and 42.44±6.78%, respectively. For the results of current solid waste management, the highest problems were: lack of solid waste management system (4.27±1.16), disarranged disposal (3.78±1.26) and lack of solid waste separation system (3.40±1.34), respectively. The lowest community participation levels in solid waste management were: campaign in using cloth bags, food boxes and baskets for reducing plastic bags and plastic foam (1.82±0.85), problem and cause searching of solid waste management (1.90±0.77) and performance in solid waste management following hygiene or sanitary perspectives (1.91±0.80), respectively, with the overall at lowest level (2.09±0.20). Besides, there was no community participation in solid waste management from interviews. Therefore, community should participate in solid waste management following sanitary solid waste management principle for sustainable management. Keywords: community participation, Elephant Study Center, solid waste composition

The studies on municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Pakistan and its impacts on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are glaringly missing. Therefore, this study examines the effect of MSW management on GHG emissions in Pakistan and suggests the best suitable strategies for alleviating GHG emissions. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 waste model (WM) was used to create inventory of GHG emissions from landfilling. The solid waste management GHG (SWM-GHG) calculator and strengths-weaknesses-opportunities-threat (SWOT) analyses were used as strategic planning tools to reduce GHG emissions by improving MSW management in Pakistan. The IPCC 2006 WM estimated 14,987,113 metric tonnes (Mt) carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-eq) of GHG emissions in 2016. The SWM-GHG calculator, on the other hand, estimated 23,319,370 Mt CO2-eq of GHG emissions from management of 30,764,000 Mt of MSW in 2016, which included 8% recycling, 2% composting, and 90% disposal in open dumps. To reduce GHG emissions, two strategies including recycling-focused and incineration-focused were analysed. The recycling approach can reduce more GHG emissions than incineration, as it can reduce 36% of GHG emissions (as compared to GHG emission in 2016) by recycling 23% of MSW, anaerobically digesting 10% of MSW, and disposing of 67% of MSW in sanitary landfills (with energy recovery). Moreover, the SWOT analysis suggested integration of the informal sector, adoption of anaerobic digestion and formulation of explicit MSW regulations for improving the current management of MSW which will also result in lower GHG emissions.

The study was conducted to investigate the current situation of generation and composition of domestic solid waste in Cho Moi town, Cho Moi district, An Giang province, Vietnam. The current status of generation and composition of solid waste was evaluated through the placement of garbage bags in households in rural and urban areas. Current management status was assessed by direct interviews with the households. The research results showed that the solid waste generated in the rural and urban areas of the whole town was about 8.5 tons/day, the collection rate was only 60.5% of the total solid wastes generated. The average amount of waste generated in rural areas was 0.31 kg/person/day and in urban areas was 0.44 kg/person/day. In the composition of classified domestic solid wastes, the organic composition in rural areas was slightly higher (82.3%) than that in urban areas (80.6%). The proportion of nylon in urban areas (10.1%) was higher than that in rural areas (6.78%). The remaining compositions had a low percentage, ranging from 0.04-7%. The interview results showed that only 70% of the respondents agreed to place their garbage in the waste bins for the collection while 30% of the respondents chose to burn or directly release the wastes into the environments. The behaviours of the respondents showed that people's awareness of the importance of domestic solid waste management was not high. Domestic solid waste management still faces many difficulties because the Cho Moi district does not have an infrastructure to ensure efficient treatment of domestic solid waste. Raising the community’s awareness and investment in solid waste management are urgently needed to keep a clean environment.

The paper deals with the generation, composition and management of solid waste at Muthi, Jammu. Study on Generation and Composition of solid waste was carried during January to December, 2007. In this paper characteristics of solid waste and its probable impacts on the environment in general and population in particular have been discussed. Recommendations regarding solid waste management have also been given. Findings revealed various short comings in the present disposal system which affected the quality of environment in the study area.

PurposeThe Gulf Cooperation Council member countries not only generate the highest quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) per capita when compared globally, but also in most of these countries, such waste is just dumped at different landfill stations. In Oman, the total quantity of MSW stood at 2.0 million tons per year. The emission from this waste is estimated at 2,181,034 tons/year (carbon dioxide equivalent). This article attempts to develop frameworks that considered landfilling, composting and recycling of MSW.Design/methodology/approachTo know the composition of the municipal solid waste in Oman, a quantitative research method was employed. The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from MSWM in this study focus on three major gases, CO2, CH4 and N2O. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 model is used to calculate GHG emissions from landfills and composting (IPCC, 2006). Four frameworks – baseline F0, framework F1, framework F2 and framework F3 – are outlined in this paper. The F0 represents the current situation of the MSW in which most of the waste goes to landfills and dumpsites. In F1, improved MSW collection service and landfilling are incorporated and open burning is restricted. The F2 considered landfilling and composting, while F3 is based on landfilling, composting and recycling.FindingsThe framework F2, which proposes the composting process for the organic waste which normally goes to landfills, results in the reduction of emissions by 40% as compared to landfill practice. Similarly, the samples of MSW collected in Oman show a good amount of recycling waste. The framework F3, which considers the landfill, composting and recycling, reduced the total GHG emissions from 2,181,034 tons/year to 1,427,998 tons/year (carbon dioxide equivalent), representing a total reduction of 35% in emissions.Research limitations/implicationsDifferent values such as CH4 correction factor, the fraction of degradable organic carbon and the fraction of DOC used to determine the GHG emissions from MSW considering landfilling, composting and recycling based on the IPPC model and existing literature review. The actual determination of these values based on the Oman conditions may result in more accurate emissions from MSW in Oman.Practical implicationsDifferent frameworks suggested in this research have different practical implications; however, the final framework F3, which produces fewer emissions, required a material recovery facility to recycle the MSW in Oman. For framework F3, it is important that the residents in Oman have enough knowledge and willingness to do the waste segregation at the household level. Apparently, such knowledge and willingness need to be determined through a separate study.Originality/valueThe frameworks F2 and F3 are considered to be more suitable solutions compared to the current practices for Oman and other gulf countries to reduce its per capita emissions from MSW and protect its local environment. There is a potential for further work that needs to explore the possible solutions to implement the suggested frameworks.

One of the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDG's) is to ensure environmental sustainability. This has led international agencies to regulate the generation of waste, specifically solid waste, which is an issue of international significance. This research is an analytical, statistical, historical and deductive investigation that focuses on the management of municipal solid waste and special handling waste (SHW), specifically, the one generated in the construction of offshore platforms in Mexico. A comparative analysis of the waste generated domestically and in the construction of offshore platforms is done. This work proposes the introduction of a third party operator that, through reverse logistics, would develop strategies to recover, reuse or recycle SHW. The level of compliance of the Waste Management Plans of platform construction companies in Mexico is also analyzed. Currently, nine construction companies distributed in the states of Tabasco, Tamaulipas and Veracruz are building offshore platforms in Mexico. Particularly, the south zone of Tamaulipas has become, since the seventies, the largest provider of offshore platforms. These companies are required by law to report the amount of municipal solid waste and SHW that they generate. However, when analyzing the data provided, results show a great area of opportunity. With a proper management of waste, its recovery and/or disposal would be much more efficient. Data collected in the yards of construction is presented, as well as the current situation of the waste in the offshore platform construction industry and possible methods to strengthen environmental policy in solid waste in Mexico.

Management of solid waste has become an increasingly important global issue as a result of population growth, as well as increasing individual needs, changes in lifestyle and growth in tourism. This waste management problem has become severe in the Paro region of Bhutan, driven by growth in tourism, changes in consumption patterns and growth in GDP. This research aimed to study the amount of waste sent to landfill, and the current status of solid waste management systems and waste composition in Paro District hotels. The current composition of solid waste from hotels comprises organic waste (53 %), glass (14 %), paper (9 %), metal (7 %), LDPE (7 %), textiles (5 %), HDPE (3 %), rubber (1 %), and others (1 %). To improve solid waste management (SWM) in the hotel industry and to reduce total amount of waste generated, environmentally sound practices in various nations are recommended such as implementation of guidelines, monitoring systems, education and special training programs for hoteliers and customers.

This research has been done to know the physical composition of domestic solid waste and to determine the percentages of domestic solid waste components in Tikrit City. Food wastes comprises the highest percentage among other components (about 55.331 % from the total weight of the domestic solid waste). The research also examined the seasonal variations of domestic solid waste components percentages which be considered to be critical when a composting plant or a recycling facility is to be planned to use within the solid waste management system. The main seasonal variation is in food wastes that were typically larger at summer. Packaging wastes like paper and cardboard tended to increase at the winter. The density and moisture content of domestic solid waste were (229.088 kg/m3 and 27.419 %), respectively

In the last century, garbage has been considered as an energy resource, on one hand, because when it is deposited in landfills or dumbs it produces biogas with a major component of methane (more than 50%), methane is considered as a greenhouse gas that has negative impacts on the environment. On the other hand, garbage could be treated in thermochemical processes of incineration or gasification, resulting in energy generation that could be by vapor generation in the case of incineration, or a mixture of gases mainly composed by CO2, H2, and CH4 by the gasification process; The last two gases could be used to generate vapor as well or used as fuel in internal combustion engines or fuel cells in a near future. The information obtained from the urban solid waste in Mexico is limited concerning to the inventories of generation, on the volume estimation of handling and disposal, according the National Institute of Geography and Statistics (INEGI by the initials in Spanish), from the Municipals Governments National Census until July 2016, Mexico City occupies the first place in recollection of urban solid wastes generating 16 tons daily, the second one is Mexico State with 13 tons, Jalisco with 6.9 tons and Veracruz with 6 tons, on average Mexico generate 42 millions of tons of urban solid waste per year, and only 38% are organic waste. As a result of the complexity of handling urban solid waste, this paper presents a study in situ of the exploitation of biomass within an organic fraction of urban solid wastes, by means of biogas estimation in a landfill with potential to be exploit in clean energy generation, transforming the negatives externalities because of the disposal of urban solid wastes into positive externalities due to the utilization of the calorific potential from the biomass.

ABSTRACTIn this study, in order to understand accurate calculation of greenhouse gas emissions of urban solid waste incineration facilities, which are major waste incineration facilities, and problems likely to occur at this time, emissions were calculated by classifying calculation methods into 3 types. For the comparison of calculation methods, the waste characteristics ratio, dry substance content by waste characteristics, carbon content in dry substance, and 12C content were analyzed; and in particular, CO2 concentration in incineration gases and 12C content were analyzed together. In this study, 3 types of calculation methods were made through the assay value, and by using each calculation method, emissions of urban solid waste incineration facilities were calculated then compared. As a result of comparison, with Calculation Method A, which used the default value as presented in the IPCC guidelines, greenhouse gas emissions were calculated for the urban solid waste incineration facilities A and B at 244.43 ton CO2/day and 322.09 ton CO2/day, respectively. Hence, it showed a lot of difference from Calculation Methods B and C, which used the assay value of this study. It is determined that this was because the default value as presented in IPCC, as the world average value, could not reflect the characteristics of urban solid waste incineration facilities. Calculation Method B indicated 163.31 ton CO2/day and 230.34 ton CO2/day respectively for the urban solid waste incineration facilities A and B; also, Calculation Method C indicated 151.79 ton CO2/day and 218.99 ton CO2/day, respectively.Implications: This study intends to compare greenhouse gas emissions calculated using 12C content default value provided by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) with greenhouse gas emissions calculated using 12C content and waste assay value that can reflect the characteristics of the target urban solid waste incineration facilities. Also, the concentration and 12C content were calculated by directly collecting incineration gases of the target urban solid waste incineration facilities, and greenhouse gas emissions of the target urban solid waste incineration facilities through this survey were compared with greenhouse gas emissions, which used the previously calculated assay value of solid waste.

Solid waste management is a multidimensional challenge, especially in developing countries like India. This paper presents the findings of a study carried out in thirty-two urban local bodies of West Bengal to determine the solid waste generation rate and waste composition based on field surveys covering 5,000 households. The services delivered for solid waste management, the institutional arrangements and the constraints in meeting the prescribed standards have been studied. The level of satisfaction of the citizens and related socio-economic factors were also covered under the study. The collected data was analysed to relate waste generation, composition, segregation and community participation. This study also aimed to contribute to a better understanding of household waste management behaviour by examining solid waste management practices and attitudes. Results from this study will provide inputs to the environmental and waste management planners in their decisions on solid waste segregation and recycling activities in the municipalities and municipal corporations.

Purpose Due to the increasing population and prosperity, the generation rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) has increased significantly, resulting in serious problems on public health and the environment. Every single person in the world is affected by the municipal solid waste management (MSWM) issue. MSWM is reaching a critical level in almost all areas of the world and seeking the development of MSW strategies for a sustainable environment. This paper aims to present the existing global status of MSW generation, composition, management and related problems. Design/methodology/approach A total of 59 developed and developing countries have been grouped based on their gross national income to compare the status of various MSWM technologies among them. A total of 19 selection criteria have been discussed to select appropriate MSWM technology(s) for a city/town, which affects their applicability, operational suitability and performance. All risks and challenges arising during the life cycle of the waste to energy (WtE) project have also been discussed. This paper also gives a comparative overview of different globally accepted MSWM technologies and the present market growth of all WtE technologies. Findings It was found that most developed countries have effectively implemented the solid waste management (SWM) hierarchy and are now focusing heavily on reducing, reusing and recycling of MSW. On the other hand, SWM has become very serious in low-income and low-middle-income countries because most of the MSW openly dumps and most countries are dependent on inadequate waste infrastructure and the informal sector. There are also some other major challenges related to effective waste policies, availability of funds, appropriate technology selection and adequacy of trained people. This study clears the picture of MSW generation, composition, management strategies and policies at the worldwide context. This manuscript could be valuable for all nations around the world where effective MSWM has not yet been implemented. Originality/value This study clears the picture of solid waste generation, composition, management strategies and policies at the worldwide context. This manuscript could be valuable for all nations around the world where effective MSWM has not yet been implemented. In this study, no data was generated. All supporting data were obtained from previously published papers in journals, the outcomes of the international conferences and published reports by government organizations.

Objective: The general objective of this study is to analyze the governance and challenges of the carbon credit market, focusing on the comparison between industrial waste and solid waste in Rio de Janeiro. To achieve this objective, the following specific objectives were established: to examine the history and evolution of the carbon credit market; to analyze the global and Brazilian energy scenario and its impact on the greenhouse effect; to investigate the principles of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and its applications; and to evaluate the management of solid and industrial waste in the context of carbon credit. Theoretical Framework: In the early 1980s, the idea of exchanging the national debt of developing countries as a means of preserving natural resources emerged, establishing a model for carbon credits (Albuquerque et al., 2021). Carbon credits are one of the strategies adopted at national and international level to mitigate the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. Method: The methodology adopted for this research involves analyzing the governance and challenges of the carbon credit market, with a focus on comparing the management of industrial waste and solid waste in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Comparative analysis is a central part of the study, which examines the differences and similarities in industrial and solid waste management, with the aim of understanding how these practices impact the carbon credit market. Results and Discussion: The results show that the information presented on urban solid waste management in the state of Rio de Janeiro reveals a challenging scenario that requires coordinated action between the state, municipalities and the various sectors of society. The average generation of solid urban waste per capita is 1 kg per day, totaling approximately 6,596,840.90 tons per year in the state (Inea-RJ, 2023). The inadequate disposal of this waste over the decades has caused environmental, social and economic problems. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of governance in the carbon credit market in the context of solid and industrial waste management in the state of Rio de Janeiro, demonstrates that inadequate waste management has been a challenge, generating environmental impacts and limiting the potential for recovery and reuse of materials. In a scenario where the average generation of urban solid waste per capita is 1 kg per day, totaling approximately 6,596,840.90 tons per year, the implementation of sustainable solutions, such as the creation of a carbon credit market, can offer viable alternatives to mitigate these problems. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature as the governance and challenges of the carbon credit market in the context of waste management in Rio de Janeiro reflect the complexity of the interactions between production, consumption and disposal. The implementation of integrated policies and the promotion of sustainable practices are essential to overcome current challenges and create opportunities for economic and environmental development.