Analysis of Selected Disruptions Occurring in Ferry Shipping

BackgroundFatigue is a concern in ferry shipping as it has a negative impact on crew members health and plays a major role in marine incidents and accidents. Research within land-based occupational settings has found that work-family conflict is an important risk factor for fatigue and that support from leaders constitutes a possible resource with the potential to buffer a negative impact from work-family conflict. Though, the working conditions of ferry shipping are likely to interfere with employee’s family life those two factors have received little attention in research on seafarers’ health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the direct associations between work-family conflict as well as leaders’ support with fatigue in employees of the Danish ferry shipping industry. Further, the study aimed at testing whether support could buffer potential detrimental associations between work-family conflict and fatigue.MethodsThe study design was cross-sectional, and 193 respondents answered to a self-administered questionnaire. Fatigue was measured with the Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory. Perceived work-family conflict and perceived supervisor support were assessed with two subscales from the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire. The association of potential risk factors with fatigue was determined using hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses.ResultsAfter controlling for confounding, work-family conflict was found to be positively associated with four of the five subdimensions of fatigue; lack of energy, physical discomfort, lack of motivation and sleepiness, while more support from supervisors was related to less lack of energy, physical exhaustion and lack of motivation. Further, supervisor support was found to moderate the effect from work-family conflict on the physical subdimensions of fatigue.ConclusionAlthough restricted by its cross-sectional design and a limited sample, this study provides support for the independent relevance of work family conflict and support from nearest superior for employee fatigue in ferry shipping. Further, there was evidence for a moderating role of such support on the negative impact of work-family conflict on the physical aspects of fatigue. Shipping companies may consider commencing initiatives which reduce conflicts between family life and work obligations, and that leader support may be a relevant component in such initiatives.

Analysis of Passenger and Vehicle Flows with Microscopic Simulations as a Result of Security Checks at Ferry Terminals

Fatigue is a recognised risk factor for safety in seafaring. While always dangerous, fatigue in ferry shipping is especially hazardous as it may jeopardise passengers' safety. To counteract fatigue, knowledge on its determinants is important. Little, however, is known on the influence from physical and psychosocial work environment factors within ferry shipping. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between work stress in terms of physical stressors, perceived job demands and job control and different dimensions of fatigue among ferry ship employees and to test whether a potential effect of work stress was mediated by sleep satisfaction. The design was cross-sectional. 193 respondents answered to a self-administered questionnaire including standardised scales, i.e. the Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory and the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire for job demands and control. The association of risk factors with fatigue was determined using hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses. Physical work stressors were positively associated with only one of five fatigue subscales: lack of energy. Higher levels of demands were related to more lack of energy, lack of motivation, physical exertion and sleepiness, while more control was related to lesser lack of energy, lack of motivation and sleepiness. No demand-control interaction was found. Effects of demand and control were partly mediated by sleep satisfaction. Although limited by its cross-sectional design this study provides support for the independent relevance of demands and control for employee fatigue in ferry shipping and for a mediating role of sleep satisfaction.

Many public policy initiatives in the maritime sector have failed significantly in the past 25 years, with notable examples from the EU and its relationship with other jurisdictions. These include the inconsistencies of liner shipping regulation, disasters in bulk and ferry shipping, problematic relations between the EU, IMO, OECD and maritime nation states and the recent EU ports policy. This paper focuses on maritime policy-making failure in the EU. Failure to develop effective maritime policies could be put down to an understandable level of complexity in relations between jurisdictions, administrators, politicians and the industry. Once the degree of the problem has been established, suggestions for improvement can be proposed. It concludes with discussion of how governance in the maritime sector may hold the key to the failures that have been identified and how it may need to adapt to meet to the demands of a new postmodernist environment.

Purpose:The aim of the article is to analyse the new challenges faced by operators and the operational solutions they have implemented to minimise the negative effects of the drop in volumes.Design/Methodology/Approach: Literature analysis concerning ferry shipping, desk research and data analysis, as well as in-depth interviews were used as research methods. Findings: The article presents the current situation of ferry tourism in the Baltic Sea. It analyses the factors influencing the volume of passenger ferry traffic and the activities undertaken by carriers to increase revenues from the passenger sector. Practical Implications: The article emphasizes that the activities undertaken by the cruise ferry carriers allow to operate despite the negative factors and what should be undertaken to minimalize the adverse effects.Originality/Value: Research on ferry tourism in the Baltic Sea Region is modest.Most publications refer to the freight sector of ferry shipping.However, there is a lack of research on the passenger sector in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period.The article fills the research gap in the ferry tourism studies.

This thesis explores the bilateral shipping and trade between Finland and Sweden during the post-war period. It comprises five articles and one introductory chapter for which the common point of departure is the growth and transformation of bilateral trade and shipping. The first two articles analyse the structural change of bilateral trade from a national and regional perspective. The three following articles provide an overview and analysis of the ferry shipping. By integrating the perspective in these articles in the introductory chapter and by providing a long historical record, the change of economic relations between Finland and Sweden in the post-war period is discerned. This thesis applies an economic historical approach and is founded on various fields of social science. The issue of trade is analysed within the framework of conventional and new trade theory, and the analysis of ferry shipping is governed by economic and geographic theories. The studies on trade shows that the transformation of production seen in Finland and Sweden meant that the trade increasingly became dependent on an exchange of products arising from matching industries. In turn the foreign trade arising from the Northern part of Finland and Sweden was still dominated by so called inter-industry trade. In addition to these results, the studies of ferry services shows that the growth of vehicles and passengers conveyance, together with the expanded onboard services, also intensified the commercial exchange. Due of the multi-output structure, the ferry service efficiently met the growing demand of travel and trade. The main conclusion of this thesis is that the convergence of incomes and economic structure had a significant impact on bilateral trade and ferry shipping. In addition the process of economic integration, technological advances together with specific policies issued on shipping also contributed to strengthen the economic ties between Finland and Sweden.

Cruise Industry in the City of Gdynia, the Implications for Sustainable Logistic Services and Spatial Development

The observed development of ferry transport in the Baltic Sea is associated with the development of trade exchange between the countries of this region. Cargo transportation constitutes a significant part of these carriages. Disturbances in the organization and implementation of transport chains with the participation of ferry shipping may cause delays in the delivery of cargo to customers. Therefore, it is reasonable to look for solutions to streamline the organization of these processes. The aim of the article is to identify the current state and to analyze the organization of the process of cargo transportation with the use of ferry shipping. The ferry line connecting the ports of Liepaja (Latvia) and Travemünde (Germany) was considered in details. On the basis of surveys carried out among truck drivers and owners of transport companies on the ways of transport organization, the selected aspects related to the planning of the transport process with the use of ferry shipping were determined. As a result of the analysis of the data obtained, recommendations were made to improve the organization of cargo transportation in ferry shipping.

The Baltic Sea region is an attractive area for the development of ferry routes. The relatively low distances between seaports in Nordic countries and the south coast of the Baltic makes these routes quick and financially viable. In recent years Polish and foreign shipowners operating out of Gdynia, Gdansk and Świnoujście have been gaining share in this market. The article outlines the development of Polish passenger ferry services in the Baltic Sea. An attempt has been made to characterise the role of Polish ferry shipowners and Polish-operated ferry routes in passenger shipping on the Baltic Sea market. The structure of current routes and the volume of passenger services have been presented, the prospects for the ferry shipping market have been described.

Polish ferry market has become one of the prime segments of ferry shipping in Baltic Sea Region. It dominates in ferry industry in South Baltic. The ferry cargo and passenger traffic has been growing steadily since Poland’s accession to the European Union. The estimates show that in 2017 the operators transported more than 1,2 million passengers and over 520 thousand cargo vehicles between ports in Poland and Sweden. The increase in trade turnover between Scandinavia and Central Europe as well as growth of tourism affect the demand for ferry transport. The aim of this paper is to explore the prime determinants influencing the development of Polish ferry shipping and to research the challenges that carriers operating the ferry services from Poland to Sweden must face such as internal competition between the operators in Polish market, competition from German and Lithuanian routes and low cost airlines as well as increasing trade volumes. The research hypothesis is: the growth of trade between Scandinavia and Central Europe as well as tourism traffic will increase the demand for ferry transport from Polish ports. Detailed research hypotheses are that: ferry services between Poland and Sweden constitute the primary market on the South Baltic and new tonnage investments to increase the capacity have to be taken.

Green industrial policy missions toward green transitions depend upon public sector organizations (PSOs) to implement and deliver mission policy goals. We ask how PSOs build transformative capacity in their organizations when implementing green industrial policy to enable sustainability transitions? In four case-in-case studies from Norwegian ferry shipping, we analyze how three PSOs have jointly built transformative capacity in their respective organizations over 25 years, overcoming legal, technical, cost, and fuel availability barriers. We find that PSO transformative capacity-building is an iterative process of relation-building, in which PSOs redefine their roles into orchestrators of green transitions, coordinate closely amongst themselves, leverage critical external resources, and partly reconsider routines and procedures. To enable sustainability transition missions and green industrial policy implementation, PSOs need to engage in joint transformative capacity-building that explicitly target all major transition barriers.

This study aims to identify, calculate the impact rating, and mitigate the effects on new ferry construction in Indonesian shipyards. The Risk Matrix method and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) are employed to analyze risk levels. Data were collected through field observations and interviews regarding risks and potential delays in ship components. The results reveal 23 potential hazard sources, with two risks having the highest Risk Priority Number (RPN) values. Assessment based on the quality control section that causes delays in the arrival of ME/AE/pumps and other mechanical equipment 366.18. Assessment of the Project Leader process Delay in the assembly/fabrication/erect process 519.49. Part of production leadership Delay in assembly/fabrication/erecting processes 317.37. Based on the assessment of the three sections, high-risk potential occurs in ship hull work, Delays in assembly/fabrication/erect processes, and machining work Delays in the Arrival of ME/AE/Pumps and Machine Equipment. The risk matrix indicates high-risk ratings for component delays in ship hull work, medium risk for machining work, and the low risk for electrical work and other components. The next step is to assess the potential of domestic components and design a component availability model for new shipbuilding, including imported components. This research offers valuable insights for RoRo ferry shipping stakeholders, helping them understand the mechanisms causing delays in new ship construction and guiding efforts to reduce the risk of failure.

Contents: Introduction European Community shipping policy and Eastern Europe Simulation of a shipping line with a ferry feeder service Polish sea ports in service of ferry shipping in the Baltic sea region Analysis of Polish short sea shipping Adaptation of Gdansk Agglomeration Ports to the service of faster ferry connections The Polish passenger ferry industry in the post communist era The North South Motorway and its impact on activation of Polish ferry shipping Restructuring and privatising Poland's sea ports.

Ferry shipping is an indispensable method of public transportation, especially in areas with well-developed river systems or coastal areas. The increasing demand for transport requires additional visits and introduces the problem of ship visit schedule engineering at ferry terminals with stochastic servicing time. In this paper, we propose a ferry visit planning problem to maximize the total profit, in which the berthing time, berthing location, and servicing time for each ferry visit are optimized. Then, a mixed-integer nonlinear programming model is proposed to formulate the focal problem. We propose a tailored solution method to convert the mixed-integer nonlinear programming model to a mixed-integer linear programming model. We further devise an inserting algorithm to test the performance of our model. A comparison between the results of the basic instance yielded by our model and those of the inserting algorithm validates our model and solution method. We then conduct sensitivity analyses of the impacts of different numbers of existing ferry visits and added ferry visits, different expectations of the real time taken by all the ferry visits, and different distribution patterns of existing ferry visits, to further validate the performance of our model.

The inland river channel is narrow, especially in the ferry areas, where urgent situation between ferry and waterway shipping will happen from time to time, if the risk of collision between vessels could be found in time, the inland waterway will be smooth. Traditional method to ensure the risk of collision exists abuse in the inland river, basing on the principle of robot velocity obstacle method, this article presents a new algorithm to assure the risk of collision, which could be used for confirmation of the risk of collision and collision avoidance path planning. Through the simulation experiment, it shows that the method is practical in the region of the ferry and the judgment of the risk of collision as well as the collision avoidance path planning.