Analysis of public transport demand in the Municipality of Stupnik

The studies on the elasticity of demand for urban public transport services have a very high theoretical and application value, proven by the fact that despite the knowledge already possessed new studies in this field are permanently undertaken worldwide. The paper presents the hitherto results of studies in the field of price elasticity of demand for public transport services. Also results of studies on price elasticity of demand have been presented, based on empirical data related to the sales of tickets for public transport services in the Upper Silesian conurbation in Poland. Moreover, the paper identifies the non-price factors that determine changes in demand for urban public transport services. The obtained results became the basis to discuss estimation limitations of demand elasticity in the urban public transport and also allowed to determine directions of further studies.

A public transport system is the most efficient and equitable solution to the challenges of urban mobility and climate change. To improve public transport, technological innovations, policy interventions, and behavioral changes should all be applied appropriately; however, there is a lack of information about the demand for public transport services in developing countries. This paper aims to measure the degree of demand for public transport services by comparing various factors used as a case study in Kathmandu, one of the most congested urban areas in a developing country. We designed a choice-based conjoint experiment with five attributes: mode of transport, waiting time, one-way fare per km, commute time per km, and payment method. Our results indicate that 73% of the respondents are in favor of changing the current transport policy and wish for a shift to public transport, which means that most commuters are in favor of the proposed mode of transport, that is, MRT. On the other hand, the study reveals that respondents have a negative evaluation of motorbikes, one of the most popular modes of transport in Kathmandu. Our results, showing users’ unsatisfactory situation with motorbikes as a transport measure, provide transport planners guidance for addressing current public transport policies, indicating a massive rapid transit system with a low fare would be highly welcome in a typical congestion area like Kathmandu.

The concept of influencing changes in transport behavior towards sustainable mobility, which is gaining popularity in the 21st century, is free public transport (FFPT). It is estimated that the number of cities in which attempts were made to introduce FFPT exceeds 100. Most of them are located in Europe, especially in France and Poland. FFPT has mostly been restricted to specific city areas or market segments in the hope of increasing demand for public transport services. Because of this, a number of publications on free fare results refer to specific cases in cities. The main aim of this article is to examine the impact of free fares on the behavior and transport preferences of pupils in Gdynia, Poland. On the basis of the study of preferences and transport behavior of the inhabitants of Gdynia, carried out earlier by the team in 2010, 2012, 2015, and 2018, a preliminary description of the behavior and transport preferences of students was prepared. The research of the pupils was conducted twice: before and after the introduction of free travel entitlements. The results of the research carried out, and the data analysis, confirmed that FFPT had no impact on demand for public transport services or the travel behavior of pupils. According to the authors, the lack of positive effects of FFPT on travel behavior in the segment of students, or even more broadly, for achieving the purposes of sustainable mobility, results from the interaction of the following factors: specificity of students' travel behavior determined by the schedule of school activities, pupils' positive attitude to cars as urban transport means, not covering all means of public transport services of FFPT in Gdynia (the city rail is not covered by FFPT), short period of time since FFPT has been introduced. The results of the presented studies could not be verified due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors emphasize that before introducing FFPT, politicians should rely on the analysis of anticipated changes in the behavior of residents and the impact of FFPT on the economy of public transport, sustainable mobility goals and political and social results. This article complements the current knowledge on the results related to the introduction of FFPT for a selected group of residents.

The demand for public transport on the example of Lviv city is analyzed in the paper. The aim of the trip, the duration of the trip, vehicle occupancy rate, walking approach to the stop, and the choice of public transport mode are determined as the main impact factors. The questioning of 1100 users of public transport is carried out. During the formation of transport strategy of public transport system functioning in large cities, it is necessary to consider such factors of functioning as optimal, from the view of transport provision, location of places of work and study, trips are up to 45 min; vehicle occupation rate is up to 80% (on the most routes); the walking distance is up to 600 m; vehicles of large capacity. The provision of these indicators in transport systems will provide an opportunity to increase the effectiveness and enlarge the demand for public transport services as a result of qualitative functioning.

The objective of the study was to establish the major factors influencing demand as well as develop a demand model for urban passenger transport services in Kumasi, Ghana. Data for this study were obtained from 400 commuters grouped into strata with definite characteristics such as income levels and trip making characteristics using the framework defined by Department of Urban Roads during two main field surveys using the simple random sampling technique. The analysis of the data showed that key determinants such as employment status of commuters, trip duration, and population influence the demand for public transport services in Kumasi. In addition, it was found that Taxi is the dominant mode used in Kumasi, carrying about 44% of respondents. This is mainly because it is the fastest mode in the city. The minibus is the next patronised mode carrying 32% of the respondents while Metro Mass Transit buses were the least patronised, even though they have the capacity to carry more passengers. This is mainly because of the long travel time these buses offer to passengers. The study therefore recommends among others, the use of large occupancy vehicles by providing them with exclusive lanes to help reduce travel time to make them the preferred option of commuters.Keywords: Demand, Passenger Transport Services, Public Transport, Passenger-kilometres

The article explains the role of public transport pricing. It proves the need for a systemic approach to building a modern public transit system. The authors argue that the main objective of the approach should be to reduce the use of private vehicles in the urban environment and increasing public transport use. It is proven that for the consumer of transport services the price per trip is an important factor when deciding whether to travel by car or by public transport. The authors analyze the available literature assessing the effects of widespread car ownership on users of the city transit system. Conflict situations that occur due to the unabated desire of city residents to travel by car are analyzed. A research method is proposed. It is shown that public transport fares have been growing in Russia at an accelerated pace when compared to the overall increase in prices of all goods and services, including motor vehicles, petrol and oils. The fare growth has resulted in a 3.6 fold drop in demand for public transport services over the 15 years being analyzed. Over the same period, the number of privately owned cars grew 120 percent. A conclusion is drawn that regular fare hikes have encouraged urban population to gradually opt against travelling by public transport. That resulted in higher demand for car travel and, eventually, in an accelerated growth in car usage. One can conclude that a persistent institutional trap has taken shape in Russian metropolises. Essentially, it means that higher public transport fares have led to lower demand for public transit services. As ridership goes down, public transport operators have to again increase prices, thus driving the demand for their services down. It is proven that escaping the trap will require restoring the ratio of prices to make sure that the price charged for a public transport trip is far lower than the cost of travelling by car. The aim of this study is to assess the influence of the factor of public transport fares on demand for private car usage and public transport ridership.

The article investigates the impact of seasonal components and other factors on the formation of demand for public transport services. The influencing factors are categorized into objective and subjective groups. Objective factors encompass economic, social, and environmental dimensions, with natural conditions, such as air temperature, weather fluctuations, and daylight duration, playing a decisive role in the emergence of seasonal variations in demand. Subjective factors include variables such as fare levels, the degree of comfort, accessibility of information, and the competitiveness of public transport relative to alternative modes of transportation. From a seasonal perspective, it is emphasized that passenger transport demand exhibits annual variability. In the summer months, demand typically declines due to school holidays, employee vacations, and the increased use of alternative means of travel. Conversely, during the colder seasons, demand rises, mainly due to adverse weather conditions and the necessity to cover greater distances under low-temperature conditions. Spring and autumn are generally characterized by relatively stable mobility patterns. The required number of vehicles to ensure high-quality and comfortable transport services varies depending on user needs throughout the year. Furthermore, it is essential to account for the specific urban context. In certain cities, public transport demand demonstrates lower seasonal fluctuation, even in summer, due to a high concentration of employment centers and cultural activities. The primary objective of this study is to identify demand variations to ensure consistent and comfortable transport services within the framework of dynamic seasonal trends. The application of modern analytical methods is expected to enhance forecasting accuracy and support the development of more adaptive strategies for managing transport infrastructure. These improvements are anticipated to increase passenger satisfaction and foster long-term growth in public transport usage.

Understanding the mobility of public transport systems based on weighted multiplex networks

The attractiveness of an offer is the main factor in determining the demand for public transport services, which goes beyond just the transportation itself and includes various accompanying aspects. Before starting their journey, many people confront the dilemma of choosing a mode of transportation. Often, this choice depends on individual habits. Individuals who possess a passenger vehicle cannot justify the advisability of using it instead of bike or public transportation. The primary objective of the present article was to determine the factors that impact the utilization of public transportation services while traveling. The research used data from surveys conducted among the inhabitants of the Górnośląska-Zagłębiowska Metropolis. During the modeling process, the authors used logit models, which have been used in different countries globally to show the behavior of public transport users, as shown in the literature review. However, the factors that impact the decision to use public transportation by the residents of the GórnośląskoZagłębiowska Metropolis remain unexamined. The current results suggest that the choice of a hypothetical travel scenario is mainly influenced by age, education, and employment status. However, no correlation with the gender of potential public transport users was found. Other variables not considered in this study may also impact public transport usage. Nevertheless, the findings lay the groundwork for more extensive, in-depth analyses incorporating a broader range of independent variables that could influence public transport use. The research results, when combined with the application of mobility management tools, could serve as a means to better shape the transport offerings. By enhancing the attractiveness of public transport, ticket revenue would likely increase, leading to an improved financial situation for the communes within the GórnośląskaZagłębiowska Metropolis. This would also align with the principles of sustainable transport development policy.

Border regions of EU countries are confronted with changes of spatial and economical development. The lack of border crossing strategic information system for regional planning purposes reflects in non‐intense cooperation in the field of regional development strategies harmonization. The article presents the methodology developed during Interreg III B project REDECON. Grid‐based database with GIS interface, merging socio‐economic, environmental and spatial data with vector‐based network accessibility data, what enable the public planning departments to analyze and simulate different policy measures concerning transport. The article is focused on the modifications of (during project REDECON) developed methodology, which enable besides cross‐border spatial analysis also analysis of current status of public transport demand and supply for finding the areas, where the supply of public transport services does not reach the demand for public transport services. It describes the methodology for selecting the main indicator thematic groups for different public transport demand types, the characterization (evaluation) of suitability of locations in respect to the balance between public transport supply and demand. At the end of the article the results of methodology application are presented on the regional pilot project concerning accessibility of pilot area, regional public transport demands and regional optimization of the public transport supply. Santrauka Aprašoma Redecon metodika, sukurta vykdant tarptautinio projekto Interreg III B metu. Tinklelinė duomenų bazė, paremta geografinėmis informacinėmis sistemomis, suvienijo socialinius ir ekonominius, aplinkosaugos, erdvinius ir vektorinius pasiekiamumo duomenis. Visa tai leido viešojo transporto planuotojams lengviau analizuoti ir modeliuoti transporta skirtingomis priemonėmis. Straipsnyje aprašomoji sukurtos metodikos modifikacija, padedanti nagrineti transporto sistemos paklausa, parodo, kuriose teritorijose viešojo transporto aprūpinimas nepakankamas ir pan. Pabaigoje svarstoma, kokiam regionui galima pritaikyti šią metodiką, to regiono viešojo transporto paklausą ir optimizavimą.

The preference of public transport leads to improved transport services in the public transport (speeding up the time of relocation, adhering to the timetable, reducing the number and extent of delays of public transport connections), which stimulates the satisfaction of passengers in public transport and can stabilize or to stimulate demand for public transport services, which can be more reliable under such measures. This makes public transport more competitive about individual car transport. Public transport vehicles in Košice are currently not preferred to an appropriate extent. The absence of dedicated bus lanes causes significant vehicle delays and passenger travel time increases. The article was focused on the analysis of the travel speed of public transport vehicles on Hlinkova Street in Košice, which is based on a survey conducted in April 2019. Based on this, a solution was proposed to build a dedicated bus lane for public transport vehicles and calculated travel time savings.

An increase of the share of public transport in the total number of travels within the transport network is a key aspect in the efforts aimed at achieving sustainable transport development. It is impossible unless the functioning of this branch of transport is improved, including particularly greater availability of public transport lines. The development of public transport IT systems was supposed to have improved at least the identification of demand for transport services. Practice has shown, however, that it is by no means as simple as that. The article presents a general idea of particular method of identifying the demand for public transport services. It is a method that operates outside of the public transport (PuT) system’s roads and means of transport. It also makes it possible to stimulate PuT use among people using private transport (PrT) on a day-to-day basis. To illustrate this, the article uses the Green Travelling Planner (GT Planner) functionality.

The increase in wealth of the society leads to an increase in the number of possessions. Nowadays, one of the basic goods is our own vehicle. Starting from the second half of the twentieth century a passenger car has become the own means of transport in Europe. The development of the automotive industry is critical for the changes taking place in the way of satisfying transport needs. The increase in the number of cars in society usually leads to a lower demand for public transport services. The paper is a comparison of the size of the public transport of passengers and the number of passenger cars in two bordering countries, i.e. in Poland and Slovakia. The available data collected by the statistical offices of both countries were used in the analyses. The data covered the years 2007–11 and related provinces and regions in Poland and Slovakia. In order to compare with each other the studied variables, these data were referred to the size of the population in the regions. To study the relationship between variables the correlation analysis as well as linear regression were used. The conducted analysis shows that the growth of the automotive industry has contributed to the decline in the number of public passenger transport in both countries. For each country this relationship was described by the linear regression equation. In addition, for both countries there were determined linear trend equations of the studied variables and demonstrated the existence of analogous trends in the regions. Also there were shown some differences between regions and countries, which are expressed mainly in the values of variables, and the pace of change.

Occupancy of Public Transport Vehicles in Slovakia

Studies on public transportation in Europe suggest that European inhabitants use buses in ca. 56% of all public transport travels. One of the critical factors affecting such a percentage and more, in general, the demand for public transport services, with an increasing reluctance to use them, is their quality. End-users can perceive quality from various perspectives, including the availability of information, i.e., the access to details about the transit and the provided services. The approach proposed in this paper, using innovative methodologies resorting on data mining and machine learning techniques, aims to make available the unavailable data about public transport. In particular, by mining GPS traces, we manage to reconstruct the complete transit graph of public transport. The approach has been successfully validated on a real dataset collected from the local bus system of the city of L'Aquila (Italy). The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach and implemented framework are both effective and efficient, thus being ready for deployment.