Analysis of periodontal disease in the archaeological population of Dąbrówki (Poland) (16th–17th centuries)

Plasmin Is Essential in Preventing Periodontitis in Mice

Gap in Dental Care Can Lead to Diabetes, Other Disease Conditions

To assess the changes in alveolar bone of the mandibular second molars following molar protraction and investigate the factors associated with the alveolar bone changes. Cone-beam computed tomography of 29 patients (mean age 22.0 ± 4.2 years) who had missing mandibular premolars or first molars and underwent molar protraction were reviewed. Alveolar bone level was measured as the distance from the cementoenamel junction at six points, buccal, lingual, mesiobuccal (MB), mesiolingual (ML), distobuccal (DB), and distolingual (DL), of the second molars at pretreatment (T0) and after molar protraction (T1). Factors associated with alveolar bone changes at the distal and mesial of the second molars were assessed. Mean alveolar bone changes ranged from -1.2 mm (bone apposition) to 0.8 mm (bone resorption). The presence of a third molar impaction at T0 (P < .001), third molar angulation at T0 (P < .001), and Nolla's stage of third molar at T0 (P = .005) were significantly associated with alveolar bone level changes distal to the second molars. Treatment duration (P = .028) was significantly associated with alveolar bone level changes mesial to the second molar. Patients with impacted third molars, third molars at an earlier stage of development, and mesially angulated third molars at pretreatment may have less alveolar bone resorption distal to the second molars following protraction. Patients with increased treatment time may have reduced alveolar bone resorption mesial to the second molars.

BackgroundMaxillary incisor protrusion is a prevalent dental deformity and is often treated by upper incisor intrusion and retraction. The mechanical loading triggers the resorption and apposition of the bone. Alveolar bone remodeling is expected to follow orthodontic tooth movement in a one-to-one relationship. However, in many cases, the outcomes are different. Alveolar bone might still remain thick causing lip protrusion and other aesthetic problems after treatment. Additional corrective procedures such as alveoloplasty. On the other hand, if the labial bone becomes too thin, periodontal problems like gingival recession might occur. The unpredictability of the treatment result and the risk of requiring corrective procedures pose significant challenges to both the providers and patients. The aim of this study is to determine factors that can help to predict the alveolar bone reaction before maxillary incisor intrusion and retraction.MethodsThe cohort included 34 female patients (mean age 25.8 years) who were diagnosed with skeletal class II malocclusion with upper incisor protrusion. These patients underwent extraction and orthodontic treatment with upper incisor intrusion and retraction. Lateral cephalograms at pre-treatment and post-treatment were taken. Linear and angular measurements were analyzed to evaluate the alveolar bone changes based on initial conditions.ResultsThe study found that the relative change, calculated as change in alveolar bone thickness after treatment divided by the initial alveolar thickness, was inversely correlated with the initial thickness. There was a significant increase of labial alveolar bone thickness at 9-mm apical from cementoenamel junction (B3) (P < 0.05) but no statistically significant change in the thickness at other levels. In addition, the change in angulation between the incisor and alveolar bone was inversely correlated with several initial angulations: between the initial palatal plane and upper incisor angle, between the initial palatal plane and upper incisor labial surface angle, and between the initial palatal plane and bone labial surface angle. On the other hand, the change in labial bone thickness was neither significantly correlated with the initial thickness nor significantly correlated to the amount of retraction.ConclusionThe unpredictability of alveolar bone remodeling after upper incisor intrusion and retraction poses significant challenges to treatment planning and patient experience. The study showed that the initial angulation between the incisor and alveolar bone is correlated with the change in angulation after treatment, the initial thickness of the alveolar bone was correlated with the relative change of the alveolar bone thickness (defined as change in thickness after treatment divided by its initial thickness), and the amount of intrusion was correlated with the alveolar bone thickness change at 9-mm apical from the cementoenamel junction after treatment. The results of the present study also revealed that the change in labial alveolar bone thickness was neither significantly correlated with the initial thickness nor significantly correlated to the amount of retraction.

Periodontal disease is one of the most common conditions resulting from poor oral hygiene and is characterized by a destructive process in the periodontium which essentially include gingiva, alveolar mucosa, cementum, periodontal ligament, and the alveolar bone. Notably, the destructive event in the alveolar bone has been linked to homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism however; it has not yet been fully investigated. Therefore; the implication of Hcy towards initiation, progression, and maintenance of the periodontal disease remains incompletely understood. Our research has led to the discovery that hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) causes changes in the periodontal tissues as well as it leads to an increase in the angiogenesis‐related proteins, potentially indicating a faster onset of periodontal disease in the susceptible individuals. To study periodontal tissue status and angiogenesis‐related protein levels, we compared wild‐type C57BL/6J (WT) and CBS +/− (HHcy) mice strains. The distance between cementoenamel junction, and the alveolar bone crest (CEJ‐BC) were measured histomorphometrically using histological preparations (Hematoxylin and Eosin; H&amp;E, and the Masson’s Trichrome staining). Serum angiogenesis‐related levels namely the angiogenin, angiopoietin‐1, endostatin/collagen XVIII, FGF acid, IGFBP‐1, IGFBP‐2, MMP‐9 (pro and active forms), PDGF‐AA, PDGF‐AB/PDGF‐BB, pentraxin‐3 were measured using the Proteome Profiler TM Array Kit specific for the mouse. The data suggest an increase in the distance between cementoenamel junction, and the alveolar bone crest. Levels of the angiogenesis‐related proteins in CBS +/− mouse strain were also significantly increased in comparison to the WT control mice. Interestingly, some of these angiogenesis‐related proteins have been shown to be upregulated during the periodontal disease. Our findings thus underscore the importance of Hcy metabolism towards the loss of periodontal tissue homeostasis, and the causation of the periodontal disease indicating that regulating Hcy metabolism can help prevent periodontal tissue damage, and the periodontal disease in people who suffer from chronic metabolic disorders such as hyperhomocysteinemia. Support or Funding Information Funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH): HL139047, AR071789, HL74815, HL107640, HL139047, and DK116591.

Interdental bone changes after orthodontic treatment: A 5-year longitudinal study

Aim and Objectives. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between nutrition and the health status of children with poor oral hygiene. Specifically, it sought to identify factors influencing their health and to explore strategies for improving their nutrition and overall well-being. Material and Methods. Conducted at the Pediatric Department of the Emergency County Clinical Hospital in Oradea, the study reviewed medical records of patients aged 0 to 18 years hospitalized from May 13, 2023, to June 13, 2023. Inclusion criteria encompassed patients with poor oral hygiene, excluding those with chronic general diseases or syndromes. Demographic and dietary data were analyzed alongside laboratory parameters and systemic pathologies. Results. Among the 100 participants, the majority were male, with normal weight status, and followed artificial or mixed diets. Pathological alterations were predominant in the respiratory system, while no significant association was found between dietary patterns and pathological changes in other systems. However, significant correlations were observed between specific dietary habits and paraclinical parameters, such as Total-IgE and CPE levels. Conclusions. This study emphasizes the critical role of nutrition in children's health, particularly in the context of poor oral hygiene. Findings suggest that a natural or mixed diet may mitigate risks associated with allergies and immune disorders compared to an artificial diet. Advocating for balanced nutrition strategies could offer substantial benefits in mitigating chronic ailments and enhancing long-term health outcomes in children. Further research is warranted to validate and expand upon these findings.

Introduction: With recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI), image-based tools are increasingly being explored to assist clinicians in detecting changes in alveolar bone levels following orthodontic treatment. This retrospective, cross-sectional study aimed to develop and validate an automated AI model for quantifying alveolar bone levels using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images from patients who underwent fixed orthodontic therapy, with the objective of curating a robust dataset, training AI models for landmark detection, evaluating accuracy against manual annotations, and assessing clinical applicability.Materials and methods: At the Department of Orthodontics, 1,200 CBCT images from 200 patients (104 (52%) males, 96 (48%) females; mean age 23.6 ± 2.37 years) yielded 3,600 interdental sites. Images covering the maxillary and mandibular segments were preprocessed using median filtering and contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization. The AI pipeline employed You Only Look Once, version 8 (YOLOv8; Ultralytics, Frederick, MD, USA) for tooth segmentation (720 training, 240 validation, and 240 test images) and a mask region-based convolutional neural network (Mask R-CNN) for generating tooth, bone, and crown masks. Custom algorithms were developed to localize the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and alveolar bone crest (ALC). A random forest regression model was then applied to identify predictors of alveolar bone loss.Results: The cohort of 200 patients (104 males, 52%; 96 females, 48%; mean age 23.6 ± 2.37 years) showed alveolar bone loss in 124 patients (62%). The mean periodontal index was 1.90 ± 0.57 mm, and the mean orthodontic treatment duration was 26.72 ± 4.41 months. The mean ALC levels were 1.35 ± 0.65 mm in the anterior region and 1.47 ± 0.62 mm in the posterior region. YOLOv8 achieved a mean average precision (mAP) of 0.941 at an intersection-over-union (IoU) threshold of 0.5 (mAP50) and a tooth detection accuracy of 95.44% at complete IoU. Post-augmentation, Mask R-CNN yielded accuracies of 92.28% (tooth mask), 94.15% (bone mask), and 94.11% (crown mask). CEJ precision ranged from 85.3% to 94.5%, and ALC precision ranged from 82.8% to 95.3%, with a root mean square error of 0.023-0.071. Random forest regression identified treatment duration (importance score: 0.321) as the primary predictor of bone loss.Conclusion: This AI-driven pipeline offers an efficient and accurate tool for periodontal monitoring, enabling early detection of bone changes and supporting personalized post-orthodontic care. Future prospective studies with diverse cohorts are required to enhance clinical integration.

Lateral expansion of the lower dental arch has rarely been conducted clinically because the structure of the lower jaw is considered to be unsuitable for this type of treatment. However, successful lateral expansion of the lower dental arch using SCHWALZ, an orthopedic appliance has been reported in recent years. Therefore, an experimental study was performed to examine the histological changes in the lower alveolar bone when lateral expansion is applied to the lower dental arch for periods of up to 2 weeks. An active plate model based on the Schwarz appliance was attached to the first molar region in rats. The distance between the right and left first molars was measured, and the mandible and first molar tooth were processed for light microscopy at different times after the fitting. The lateral expansion caused by lateral movement of the right and left first molars following the application of the active plate amounted to an average of 1.06 mm over a period of 14 days. Alkaline phosphatase/tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining revealed bone deposition on the periosteal surface of the buccal alveolar bone and the periodontal surface of the lingual alveolar bone, whereas bone absorption was observed on the periodontal surface of the buccal alveolar bone and the periosteal surface of the lingual alveolar bone. These findings demonstrate that lateral expansion of the lower dental arch through the application of an active plate model was achieved by bony deposition and absorption of alveolar bone, similar to the process that occurs in association with lateral expansion of the upper dental arch.

Prevalence of periodontitis based on retrospective radiographic evaluation at dental hospital in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia: A retrospective study

IntroductionOrthodontic treatment often involves first premolar extraction and anterior tooth retraction to achieve aesthetic and functional harmony in bimaxillary protrusion cases. However, excessive retraction may cause complications such as root resorption and bone loss. This study aimed to evaluate morphometric changes in anterior mandibular alveolar bone and root length during retraction of the mandibular incisors in patients with class I bimaxillary protrusion using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The objective of this study was to assess changes in alveolar bone width, height, and root length before and after retraction.Materials and methodsThis prospective observational study included 32 systemically healthy patients aged 18-30 years with class I bimaxillary protrusion requiring first premolar extractions. CBCT scans (pre- and post-retraction) were analyzed using standardized imaging parameters. Patients underwent orthodontic treatment with pre-adjusted edgewise appliances and temporary anchorage devices for maximum anchorage. The alveolar bone width, height, and root length were measured in the mandibular incisors. Intra- and inter-observer reliabilities were assessed, and the data were analyzed using paired t-tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with a significance threshold of p < 0.05.ResultsLabial alveolar bone height, as determined by the vertical distance between the cementoenamel junction and alveolar crest, decreased significantly across all mandibular incisors post-retraction, whereas lingual bone height increased in all teeth, suggesting crestal bone apposition and resorption on the labial and lingual sides, respectively. The labial bone width decreased significantly, whereas the lingual bone width increased in all incisors, suggesting labial root movement with retraction. The root length was significantly reduced in all incisors, indicating the risk of root resorption. No significant intragroup differences were found among the incisors (p > 0.05); however, intergroup comparisons confirmed significant pre- and post-retraction changes (p < 0.05), indicating dynamic bone remodeling.ConclusionThe retraction of the mandibular incisors in bimaxillary protrusion significantly altered alveolar bone dimensions and reduced root length with site-specific variations. CBCT proved essential for precise assessment, emphasizing the need for controlled retraction to balance aesthetic and functional outcomes while minimizing complications. Future research should explore long-term stability and strategies to mitigate root resorption.

Evaluation of the dimensional alternation of the alveolar bone in patients with a congenitally missing mandibular lateral incisor using cone-beam computed tomography

The aim of this study is to assess whether there is a correlation between buccal bone thickness and mean alveolar bone thickness around the central teeth using CBCT images. Three points were selected at 3, 6 and 9 mm from the cemento-enamel junction, respectively, perpendicular to the long axis of the measuring points made to determine the width of the alveolar bone ridge. The arithmetic mean of the length measurements was taken as the average alveolar bone thickness. To determine the average buccal alveolar bone thickness, the buccal bone length was measured perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth from these 3 points, and the average of the measurements was taken from these 3 points. The mean coronal, mid-root, and apical third root widths of the maxillary, left central incisors were 7.72±0.60, 8.64 ± 0.93, and 9.23±1.45 mm, respectively and the mean widths of the buccal alveolar bone at the coronal, mid-root, and apical third root positions of the left central incisor were 1.18±0.39, 1.15±0.44, and 1.06±0.50 mm, respectively. The Spearman correlation coefficients were 0.194 and 0.191 for the left and right central incisors, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the alveolar bone thickness averages of the left and right central incisors, but the alveolar bone thickness was found to be thicker in males than females. Although the mean of alveolar and buccal bone thicknesses was positively correlated the statistical analysis demonstrated the correlation between the mean of alveolar and buccal bone thicknesses is not significant.

Introduction Malnutrition is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among children and adolescents throughout the world. Various factors, including socio-demographic characteristics, poor feeding practices, and childhood diseases, contributeto malnutrition. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of malnutrition and its associated factors among 5 to 15-year-old children of selected rural areas of Khordha District, Odisha. Method A community-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among children in Simlipatana and Kujjimahal villages of Khordha district, Odisha. All eligible children (5 to 15 years of age) residing in both study areas were included in the sampling frame. A total of 380 participants were enrolled in the study, based on a 45% prevalence, using simple random sampling. Data were collected using participants' socio-demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, the IAP growth chart app, and a validated questionnaire to assess factors associated with malnutrition. The data were analysed using SPSS software, version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results The study findings revealed that the prevalence of malnutrition was 41.3%, with 13.9% underweight, 12.9% overweight, 5.3% obese, and varying degrees of stunting. Among malnourished children, 56.32% were female, and nearly half (43.67%) were male.Malnutrition was significantly associated with sociodemographic factors like family type, income, parental education, and hygiene practices. Dietary intake patterns, such as consumption of milk, pulses, and fruits. Logistic regression analysis revealed that four key significant factors were associated with malnutrition of children, including large family size(odds ratio (OR) = 2.019, P < 0.003), poor hygiene (OR= 2.082, P < 0.006), lack of parental education (OR= 2.045, P < 0.003), and inadequate dietary intake (OR) = 2.115, P < 0.011). Conclusions The overall prevalence of malnutrition was 41.3%, and it decreased with age. Dietary patterns and sociodemographic profiles are significantly associated with the development of malnutrition.

It is suggested that IL-23/IL-17 axis and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL23R may have crucial role in pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease (CD). Thus, we sought to assess the IL23R SNPs contribution to susceptibility and phenotype of CD. We recruited 117 CD subjects and 117 controls from Poland and 30 CD subjects and 30 controls from Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). Two common IL23R SNPs: rs1004819, rs7517847 were genotyped using TaqMan SNP assays. In the Polish population it was found that allele rs1004819: A increases the risk of CD, while allele rs7517847: A is protective against disease development. In Poles the co-carriage of two IL23R risk genotypes was associated with increased risk of CD. A significantly increased risk of CD early onset was observed in Poles carrying at least one rs7517847: G allele. It was also found that IL23R SNPs may be associated with structuring/penetrating CD behavior, as alleles rs1004819: A and rs7517847: G were significantly less frequent in patients without complications, from Poland and B&H, respectively. Allele rs1004819: A was also significantly more frequent in Poles with penetrating CD. These results confirm IL23R SNPs contribution to CD susceptibility in the Polish population and suggest their impact on early age of onset and more severe disease course.