Analysis of Green House Gases and Positive Impact of Replacing Traditional Energy with Clean Energy

Background According to the international requirements Russian Federation must decrease the value of greenhouse gases in 40% up to 2012. In order to reach that value energy conservation programs must be applied. However, it is impossible to establish the energy efficiency of the industry and amount of exhaust and greenhouse gases without proper analysis of the present day rate of energy consumption. Aims and Objectives To provide the quantitive analysis of the amount of greenhouse gases produced by present production rates based on the energy consumption rates. To investigate the most gas blow-out areas. To analyze the possible ways of blow-out decrease by energy conservation programs application. Methods The calculating methods of greenhouse gases blow-out determination is provided by IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Estimation of the influence of the applied programs on the greenhouse gases blow-out. Reduce of environment pollution by energy consumption decrease and usage of alternative energy resources. Conclusion Development and application of energy conservation programs in industry, introducing of biogas units for methane emission decrease, usage of wind and the sun as the alternative energy resources in the local units (road illumination) and hydraulic energy - all of these methods will really decrease the greenhouse effect.

The greenhouse effect concept explains the Earth’s elevated temperature. The IPCC endorses the anthropogenic global warming theory, and it assumes that the greenhouse (GH) effect is due to the longwave (LW) absorption by GH gases and clouds. The IPCC’s GH definition lets to understand that the LW absorption is responsible for the downward radiation to the surface. According to the energy laws, it is not possible that the LW absorption of 155.6 Wm-2 by the GH gases could re-emit downward LW radiation of 345.6 Wm-2 on the Earth’s surface. When the shortwave (SW) absorption is decreased from this total LW radiation, the rest of the radiation is 270.6 Wm-2. This LW radiation downward is the imminent cause for the GH effect increasing the surface temperature by the 33°C. It includes LW absorption by the GH gases and clouds in the atmosphere and the latent and sensible heating effects. Without the latent and sensible heating impacts in the atmosphere, the downward LW radiation could not close the energy balance of the surface. The contribution of CO2 in the GH effect is 7.4% corresponding to 2.5°C in temperature. This result does not only mutilate the image of CO2 as a strong GH gas, but it has further consequences in climate models. It turned out that the IPCC’s climate model showing a climate sensitivity (CS) of 1.2°C (caused by CO2 effects only) could not be fitted into the total GH effect of CO2. A climate model showing a CS of 0.6°C matches the CO2 contribution in the GH effect.

The greenhouse effect refers to the trapping of heat by certain gases in the atmosphere. Although these gases occur in only trace amounts, they block significant amounts of heat from escaping out into space, thus keeping the Earth warm enough for us to survive. Without greenhouse gases, the average surface temperature of the earth would be about -18 degrees Centigrade. However humen have been adding greenhouse gases in excessive amounts to the atmosphere ever since the Industrial Revolution, which is enhancing the greenhouse effect. This increase in greenhouse gases has the potential to cause catastrophic problems for Earth and its inhabitants. The greenhouse effect causes trouble by raising the temperature of the planet. The actual rise is not very much, but the Earth's ecosystem is very fragile and small, changes can have large effects. Almost 100% of the observed temperature increase over the last 50 years has been due to the increase of greenhouse gas concentrations like water vapour, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane and ozone. Carbon dioxide is the biggest reason for the greenhouses effect that leads to global warming.

Methane (CH4) production in the rumen represents a loss of energy for the host animal; in addition, methane eructated by ruminants may contribute to a greenhouse effect or global warming. The dinumal CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from sheep were continuously recorded using the flow-through chamber method. A type new type of non-disperse infrared (NDIR) gas sensors based on pulse IR source was introduced, and by using the high performance pyroelectric IR sensor with built in interference filter and the "single light and two wavelengths" technology, CH4 and CO2 measurement from ruminants was achieved. Animals were given dry oat hay as the basic diet and supplemented concentrate with the ratio of 7 : 3. The results showed that the recovery was 96.7% and 96.2% for CH4 and CO2, respectively. Methane and carbon dioxide output from sheep respectively averaged 15.6 g per day and 184.7 g per day, equivalent to 6.8 and 71.1 kg per animal. Diurnal fluctuations in hourly rates of CH4 and CO2 production in hourly of methane increased during day light to reach a peak at or near sunset and then declined towards sunrise, and consideration was given to the dry matter intake of the animals used in these studies and its possible effects on CH4 production.

The greenhouse effect concept has been developed to explain the Earth’s elevated temperature. The prevailing theory of climate change is the anthropogenic global warming theory, which assumes that the greenhouse (GH) effect is due to the longwave (LW) absorption of 155.6 Wm-2 by GH gases and clouds. The actual warming increase to 33°C of the Earth’s surface temperature according to the present GH effect definition is the infrared downward LW radiation of 345.6 Wm-2 emitted by the atmosphere. The atmosphere’s temperature is the key element behind this radiation. According to the energy laws, it is not possible that the LW absorption of 155.6 Wm-2 by the GH gases could re-emit downward LW radiation of 345.6 Wm-2 on the Earth’s surface. In this study, the GH effect is 294.5 Wm-2, including shortwave radiation absorption by the atmosphere and the latent and sensible heating effect. This greater GH effect is a prerequisite for the present atmospheric temperature, which provides downward radiation on the surface. Clouds’ net effect is 1% based on the empirical observations. The contribution of CO2 in the GH effect is 7.3% corresponding to 2.4°C in temperature. The reproduction of CO2 radiative forcing (RF) showed the climate sensitivity RF value to be 2.16 Wm-2, which is 41.6% smaller than the 3.7 Wm-2 used by the IPCC. A climate model showing a climate sensitivity (CS) of 0.6°C matches the CO2 contribution in the GH effect, but the IPCC’s climate model showing a CS of 1.8°C or 1.2°C does not.

Facing the double pressure of soaring price of international crude oil and the execution of Kyoto Protocol, the Taiwanese government is now aggressively seeking new direction on energy policy in terms of raising energy efficiency and searching for alternative energy sources. The main concerns are how to increase the utilization proportion of biomass energy and how to lower greenhouse gas emissions. Even though without economic incentives for bio-diesel fuel and RDF-5, these two energy sources are still beneficial to lower greenhouse gas emissions and should be encouraged for further development as alternative energy resources. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the greenhouse reduction effect of the two alternative energies based on IPCC model. Our research also focuses on understanding the potential production situation of bio-diesel and RDF-5 in Taiwan based on data collection and analysis. Accordingly, pertinent suggestions to Taiwan's energy policy are proposed. Biomass Energy Development and Greenhouse Gas Reduction: An Application of IPCC Model

With the increasingly prominent environmental problems and the decline of fossil fuel reserves, the reduction of energy consumption (EC) has become a common goal in the world. Urea industry is a typical energy-intensive chemical industry. However, studies just focus on the breakthrough of specific production technology or only consider the EC in the production stage. This results in a lack of evaluations of the life cycle of energy consumption (LcEC). In order to provide a systematic, scientific, and practical theoretical basis for the industrial upgrading and the energy transformation, LcEC of urea production and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions generated in the process of EC are studied in this paper. The results show that the average LcEC is about 30.1 GJ/t urea. The EC of the materials preparation stage, synthesis stage, and waste-treatment stage (ECRMP, ECPP, ECWD) is about 0.388 GJ/t urea, 24.8 GJ/t urea, and 4.92 GJ/t urea, accounting for 1.3%, 82.4%, and 16.3% of LcEC, respectively. Thus, the synthesis stage is a dominant energy-consumer, in which 15.4 GJ/t urea of energy, accounting for 62.0% of ECpp, supports steam consumption. According to the energy distribution analysis, it can be concluded that coal presents the primary energy in the process of urea production, which supports 94.4% of LcEC. The proportion of coal consumption is significantly higher than that of the average of 59% in China. Besides, the GHG emissions in the synthesis stage are obviously larger than that in the other stage, with an average of 2.18 t eq.CO2/t urea, accounting for 81.3% of the life cycle of GHG (LcGHG) emissions. In detail, CO2 is the dominant factor accounting for 90.0% of LcGHG emissions, followed by CH4, while N2O is negligible. Coal is the primary source of CO2 emissions. The severe high proportion of coal consumption in the life cycle of urea production is responsible for this high CO2 content of GHG emissions. Therefore, for industrial urea upgrading and energy transformation, reducing coal consumption will still be an important task for energy structure transformation. At the same time, the reformation of synthesis technologies, especially for steam energy-consuming technology, will mainly reduce the EC of the urea industry. Furthermore, the application of green energy will be conducive to a win-win situation for both economic and environmental benefits.

Purpose This study aims to argue that responses in economic growth (EG) resulting from positive and negative shocks in energy consumption could be a non-linear phenomenon. Thus, the study aims to investigate the existence of non-linear long-run effects of positive and negative shocks in green and conventional energy consumption on EG for China and India. By decomposing energy consumption in positive and negative shocks, the study seeks to determine the distinct impact of positive and negative shocks in energy (conventional and green) consumption on EG of China and India. Design/methodology/approach A non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model based on energy-augmented environment Kuznets curve (EKC) framework is used on annual time series covering the period 1965–2021. The study uses a precise econometric methodology, starting with unit root tests to assess stationarity, moving to the estimation of the NARDL model, which resulted in the calculation of long-run coefficients and error correction terms to analyse the rate of adjustment towards equilibrium. Findings The empirical findings demonstrate that there exists a non-linear cointegrating relationship among EG, carbon emissions and green and conventional energy consumption for both economies. In the long run, a non-linear impact of green energy consumption (GEC) on EG is evident for China only, whereas non-linear impact of conventional energy consumption (CEC) on EG is visible for both countries. Practical implications While China and India prioritise energy diversification by embracing green energy to promote energy security and limit rising carbon emissions, it is interesting to investigate how positive and negative shocks in GEC and CEC have affected their EG. Second, this paper examines the trade-offs between EG and GEC/CEC in China and India, two high-carbon emitters. The disparities in trade-offs may indicate how well each country’s energy policies address increased EG with fewer energy-induced carbon emissions. Originality/value This study examines non-linear cointegration among the variables of interest, whereas most prior studies have focused on linear cointegration. The existence of non-linear cointegration may suggest that positive and negative shocks in GEC and CEC can result in non-linear reactions in EG. Thus, it establishes a basis for examining the non-linear long-term effects of GEC and CEC on EG. The research findings indicate significant consequences and necessitate prompt intervention to alleviate the detrimental impacts of shocks in GEC and CEC on EG in China and India and provide several important inputs to address the inherent challenges of energy transition goals.

Avoiding the Doldrums: Evaluating the Need for Change in the Offshore Wind Permitting Process

The life cycle based greenhouse gas (GHG) balances of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME also called "Biodiesel") from various resources have been set in the Renewable Energy Directive (RED). Due to technology and scientific progress there are various options to improve the GHG balances of FAME. In this Supporting Action 10 most interesting options were assessed: 1) "Biomethanol": Substitution of fossil methanol with biomethanol; 2) "Bioethanol": Substitution of fossil methanol with bioethanol; 3) "CHP residues": Use of residues and co-products in an CHP plant; 4) "New plant species": Examination of new plants for vegetable oils, that could increase the biomass weight without any detrimental effect on the oil seed; 5) "Bioplastics and biochemicals": Production of bioplastics and biochemicals from process residues; 6) "Advanced agriculture": Advanced agricultural practices in terms of N2O emissions and soil carbon accumulation; 7) "Organic residues": Use of organic versus mineral fertilizer for feedstock cultivation; 8) "FAME as fuel": Use of FAME in machinery for cultivation, transportation and distribution; 9) "Retrofitting multi feedstock": Retrofitting of single feedstock plants for blending fatty residues; and 10) "Green electricity": Use of renewable electricity produced in a PV plant on site. The assessment approach started with the GHG standard values of the RED and the corresponding background data documented in BioGrace. For the most relevant FAME production possibilities in Europe, characterized by the feedstock (rapeseed, sunflower, palm oil, soybean, used cooking oil, animal fat) and FAME production capacity (50 - 200 kt/a), the technical and economic data of "Best Available Technology in 2015" (BAT) were used as starting point to assess the improvement options. Based on the calculation of GHG emissions (g CO2-eq/MJ) and production cost (€/tFAME) an overall assessment (incl SWOT-Analyses and Stakeholder involvement) of the options was made and summarized in "Fact Sheets". A significant GHG reduction compared to the RED values in processing is possible, if best available technology (BAT) is applied. The GHG emissions of cultivation compared to RED are higher due to improved data on the correlation between fertilizer input and yields. The assessed GHG improvements options show that the potential to reduce emissions is relatively large in agriculture cultivation, but a relatively low in processing. The production cost analysis shows that revenues from co-produced animal feed and oil yield per hectare have a strong influence on total production costs, e.g. mainly animal feed from soybeans. The total FAME production cost of BAT are 280 – 1,000 €/tFAME, including revenues from co-products. Cost ranges arise due to different feedstock and capacities. The greenhouse gas analysis of the improvement options results in a GHG reduction potential of 0 - 37 g CO2-eq/MJ compared to BAT. The greenhouse gas mitigation costs of improvement options range between -260 and +1,000 €/t CO2-eq. Options with negative greenhouse gas mitigation costs generate economic benefits compared to the base case. Summing up the assessment one can conclude that the future FAME production has several options to further improve its GHG balance thus contributing substantially to a more sustainable transportation sector.

Urban residential energy switching in China between 1980 and 2014 prevents 2.2 million premature deaths

GHG emissions caused by energy generation and consumption is both a global as well as localised issue. Especially for Kazakhstan, which is one of the most significant coal reserves and mining countries. Kazakhstan is the 9th biggest country worldwide and the biggest country in Middle Asian (MA), is a gateway to the west for China. It has been playing a significant role in the “Belt & Road” strategy. It is essential to specify GHG emissions in Kazakhstan, especially that from energy consumption, which has not been studied deeply so far. To fill that gap, this study analysed the GHG emissions from the main types of energy in Kazakhstan from 2006 to 2016, based on the GHG emissions assessment methods defined by The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The GHG emissions characters of Kazakhstan and the whole world were also compared. Results showed that: 1) the energy consumption structures of Kazakhstan and the whole world are visibly different. Coal accounted for a significant proportion in Kazakhstan; 2) the consumption changes of different types of energy ranged widely; 3) the change trends of GHG emissions from Kazakhstan and whole world are similar, first upward then downward; 4) the GHG emission sources structure of Kazakhstan is visibly different to that of the whole world, coal accounted for more than 58 % of whole GHG emissions in Kazakhstan. This study can contribute to understanding energy consumption and GHG emissions in Kazakhstan.

The increased availability of reliable and efficient energyservices stimulates new development alternatives. This article discusses thepotential for such integrated systems in the stationary and portable powermarket in response to the critical need for a cleaner energy technology.Throughout the theme several issues relating to renewable energies,environment, and sustainable development are examined from both current andfuture perspectives. It is concluded that green energies like wind, solar,groundsource heat pumps, and biomass must be promoted, implemented, anddemonstrated from the economic and/or environmental point view. Biogas frombiomass appears to have potential as an alternative energy source, which ispotentially rich in biomass resources. This is an overview of some salientpoints and perspectives of biogas technology. The current literature isreviewed regarding the ecological, social, cultural and economic impacts ofbiogas technology. This article gives an overview of present and future use ofbiomass as an industrial feedstock for production of fuels, chemicals and othermaterials. However, to be truly competitive in an open market situation, highervalue products are required. Results suggest that biogas technology must beencouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated, but especiallyin remote rural areas. Anticipated patterns of future energy use and consequentenvironmental impacts (acid precipitation, ozone depletion and the greenhouseeffect or global warming) are comprehensively discussed in this article. NationalCentre for Research, Energy Research Institute (ERI), between January 2011 andJuly 2011. An approach is needed to integrate renewable energies in a way tomeet high building performance. However, because renewable energy sources arestochastic and geographically diffuse their ability to match demand isdetermined by adoption of one of the following two approaches: the utilisationof a capture area greater than that occupied by the community to be supplied, orthe reduction of the community’s energy demands to a level commensurate withthe locally available renewable resources. The adoption of green or sustainableapproaches to the way in which society is run is seen as an important strategyin finding a solution to the energy problem. The key factors to reducing andcontrolling CO2, which is the major contributor to global warming, are the useof alternative approaches to energy generation and the exploration of how thesealternatives are used today and may be used in the future as green energysources. This study highlights the energy problem and the possible saving thatcan be achieved through the use of renewable energy technologies. Also, thisstudy clarifies the background of the study, highlights the potential energysaving that could be achieved through use of renewable energy technologies anddescribes the objectives, approach and scope of the study. The move towards ade-carbonised world, driven partly by climate science and partly by thebusiness opportunities it offers, will need the promotion of environmentallyfriendly alternatives, if an acceptable stabilisation level of atmosphericcarbon dioxide is to be achieved. This requires the harnessing and use ofnatural resources that produce no air pollution or greenhouse gases andprovides comfortable coexistence of human, livestock, and plants. The increasedavailability of reliable and efficient energy services stimulates newdevelopment alternatives. We present and focus a comprehensive review of energysources, and the development of sustainable technologies to explore theseenergy sources. We conclude that using renewable energy technologies, efficientenergy systems, energy savings techniques and other mitigation measuresnecessary to reduce climate changes.

PurposeGlobally, the paucity of conventional energy sources has created an unprecedented increase in demand for green energy. Continuous dependency on conventional energy sources has given rise to several undesirable environmental consequences. In the 20th century, the international forum pondered about the development and uses of green energy, which commenced with the realization of global warming and the signing of the Kyoto Protocol agreement. This study aims to divulge the nexus between green energy, carbon emissions and economic prosperity from a global perspective. The study has been conducted by considering panel data of 35 global economies from 1971 to 2019.Design/methodology/approachTo calibrate the uses of green energy, this study dwells upon the ratio between green energy consumption and total energy use. These instrumental variables have been widely acknowledged and accepted by several empirical analysis done in the past (Lin and Moubarak, 2014; Shahbaz et al., 2015). This research specifically uses the emission of carbon dioxide in a million tons as an instrumental variable of environmental degradation, which has been disregarded by all-preceding researchers from a global perspective. Additionally, this study also considers real gross domestic product value in terms of US$ (2010 constant price) as an indicator of economic prosperity. The same has been contemplated by an ample number of empirical research studies conducted previously. Thus, the authors adopted the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique to achieve this research objectives; and to tackle the issue of contemporaneous correlation, the authors applied cross-sectional augmented autoregressive distributed lag (CSARDL) of common correlated effect pooled mean group (CCEPMG).FindingsThe results of panel ARDL analysis reveal that in the long-run, real gross domestic product (GDP) leads to carbon emission, whereas green energy uses do not have a substantial effect on the reduction of carbon emission. However, in the short-run, green energy consumption seems definitely helpful for combating carbon emission, while real GDP instigates carbon emission. This study effectively fortifies the notion of a trade-off between ecological pollution and economic prosperity. The empirical results of the Granger Causality test produce evidence of unidirectional causality from carbon emission to green energy uses and from real GDP to carbon emission in the panel countriesResearch limitations/implicationsFirst, decisive corollaries of the conclusions drawn above have been made purely on the basis of a comprehensive investigation of 35 global economies. However, there is the scope for inclusive examination by considering more modern economies simultaneously. Second, this paper studied the potential impact of the uses of green energy and real GDP on carbon emission. Notably, the inference of this study has been grounded on three relevant variables, whereas there are possibilities that such an investigation could possibly be extended by considering other instrumental variables of environmental pollution.Originality/valueA significant number of studies in the past have investigated the connection between renewable energy consumption (REC) and economic growth. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, none have looked to investigate the nexus between REC, economic prosperity and environmental sustainability simultaneously, specifically from the global perspective. Hence, this study intends to widen the prevailing perception of the emerging context above in two ways; first, by reconnoitering the effect of REC on environmental consequences and economic progress simultaneously, which has not been accomplished in extant literature. Second, the authors also strive to gradually augment the comprehensive analysis by expanding the study from a global perspective and by constructing the panel data of developing and advanced economies.

Human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and economic growth are increasingly affecting the climate and temperature of the earth. Large amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have increased the greenhouse effect and global warming. By 2020, the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased to 48% above its pre-industrial level. The main objectives of this study are to determine the level and the pattern of the relationship between dependent and independent variables. Also, this study examines the long-term and short-term impacts of energy consumption, economic growth, and non-renewable energy on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Malaysia. Due to increased industrialization, Malaysia faces significant problems, such as environmental pollution. This study uses annual time series data from 1986 to 2021 and is analyzed using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach. The study suggests that energy consumption, economic growth, and non-renewable energy positively impact carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The results through dynamic ARDL indicate that energy consumption, economic growth, and non-renewable energy positively impact Malaysia’s carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the short-run and long run. The error correction model (ECM) provides short- run shocks in these variables and establishes equilibrium relations in the long run. Therefore, policymakers should consider implementing a carbon tax to be enforced on polluters to prevent ecological pollution at a minimum for the short-term regulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.