Analysis of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Performance Under Standard Electric Vehicle Driving Protocol

Pure electric vehicles and vehicles driven with the combination of both internal combustion engines and electric motors and called hybrid electric vehicles were developed in the past with varying structural design and mechanical aspects. Also, there have been huge varieties of electrical side components of such vehicles like electric motors, power electronic converters, batteries, control systems, etc. Hybrid electric vehicles have gained a lot of attention due to their efficiency and flexibility in various modes of operation. To understand the strength of both the hybrid electric vehicle and the battery electric vehicles, it is important to understand the structural configurations of its variations and also the power flow in different modes of operation. In this chapter, a brief overview of different types of hybrid–electric and battery electric vehicles is discussed. The power flow in different modes of operations of all these vehicle types is discussed in detail with the power flow indicated in the schematic diagrams for various modes of power flow operations. The power flow control in all the modes is important to be understood to effectively design the EV system by suitably selecting all the sub-components required.KeywordsElectric vehicleHybrid electric vehicle configurationElectric vehicle architectureEnergy storage systemPower flowOperating modesPowertrain

This paper presents an up-to-date review of design trends for electric traction motors of electric vehicles, mainly battery electric vehicles and full hybrid electric vehicles. The focus is on permanent magnet traction motors of the major car brands and includes vehicles from the last decade (from 2010 until today), including Jaguar, Tesla, Toyota, BMW, Nissan, General Motors and Audi. The main topic of this study is the electromagnetic motor design, but also mechanical features of the motor as well as trends in magnetic materials are discussed. Furthermore, key performance numbers are evaluated and compared with respect to power density, motor speed and field weakening performance. Finally, trends in traction motor design and performance are presented as well. The aim is to highlight the latest developments in electric traction motors and to provide an efficient overview of the state-of-the-art motor designs, performances, technical limitations, as well as future concepts and trends.

This article is devoted to the ecological comparison of electric and internal combustion engine vehicles throughout their entire life cycle, from mining to recycling. A scientifically based approach to a comprehensive environmental assessment of the impact of vehicles on the environment has been developed. To analyze the impact on the environmental situation, aspects such as the consumption of natural resources, waste generation, electricity consumption, emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere, water consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions are taken into consideration. As a result of comparing the environmental impacts of vehicles, it was found that natural resources consumption and production of industrial waste from electric vehicles (EV) is 6 times higher than from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV). Harmful substance emissions and greenhouse gas emissions from EV production are 1.65 and 1.5 times higher, respectively. The EV total electricity consumption is 1.4 times higher than that of ICEVs. At the same time, it was revealed that during operation, EVs have higher energy consumption and emit more harmful substances into the atmosphere, but EVs produce less greenhouse gas emissions. It means that at different life cycle stages, EVs have a much higher negative impact on the environment compared to gasoline engine vehicles.

With the expansion of China's automobile market and the increase in the proportion of electric vehicles, the influence of the automobile industry on water resources has been increasingly, and as a result, water resources will become an important factor restricting the development of the electric vehicle industry in China. Until now, there are still no in-depth studies on the influences of the water footprint of electric vehicles. The paper establishes a life cycle assessment model by which to analyze the reduction potential of the water footprint of various types of passenger vehicles in their operation. The paper also compares the water footprint of passenger vehicles under different power structures, revealing the potential influence of developing electric vehicles on the demand of water resources. The results show that at the base year (2019), the plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and battery electric vehicles consume more water than the gasoline-based internal combustion engine vehicles do, while water consumption of the hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles is lower than that of the gasoline-based internal combustion engine vehicles; as for the year 2035, even after the proportion of renewable energy generation increases, the water withdrawal and consumption of the battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles will still be larger than those of the gasoline-based internal combustion engine vehicles.

Factors influencing global transportation electrification: Comparative analysis of electric and internal combustion engine vehicles

The transportation sector is generally thought to be contributing up to 25% of all greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions globally. Hence, reducing the usage of fossil fuels by the introduction of electrified powertrain technologies such as hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), battery electric vehicle (BEV) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) is perceived as a way towards a more sustainable future. With a seemingly more significant shift towards BEV development and roll-out, the research and development of BEV technologies has taken on increasing importance in improving BEV performance and ensuring its competitiveness. Numerical simulation, using MATLAB, is performed as a tool to investigate and to improve the overall performance of BEVs. This study provides an overview of the possible technology outcome and market consequences for future compact BEVs along with HEVs, FCEVs and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV). The techno-economics of BEVs, market projection and cost analysis up to 2050 are investigated, as are important BEV characteristics alongside those of other types of vehicles. Well-to-wheel analysis of BEVs is also studied and compared with HEV, FCEV and ICE.

Flying Cars for Green Transportation

In recent years, electric and hybrid vehicles have taken more and more attention due to their apparent advantages in saving fuel resources and reducing harmful emissions into the environment. Even though electric vehicles can solve the ecological problem, their operation is faced with a number of inconveniences associated with a limited driving distance from a single charge due to limited storage of energy from an independent power source and a lack of the required service and repair infrastructure. In hybrid and electric vehicles one of the main parameters is the curb weight, which affects energy consumption, vehicle speed, stability, controllability and maneuverability. In this regard, leading car manufacturers use parts with a low specific weight (non-metallic, aluminum alloys, etc.) in the design and also exclude some units from the design. Due to these technical solutions, the vehicle's operating is improved. One of the groups of parameters to be defined when designing a new electric vehicle is the parameters relating to the electric motor. The purpose of the article is determination of the mechanical characteristics of a two-rotor electric motor during magnetic flux control and assessment of the possibility of organizing the drive of the drive wheels of the vehicle. The electric motor has two mechanically independent outputs. For the study, an electrical equivalent diagram has been developed for the given two-rotor electric motor. A simulation model of the equivalent diagram has been built. Simulating the interaction processes of the rotors with the stator made it possible to obtain data for building the mechanical characteristics for each output of the electric motor. Analysis and processing of the mechanical characteristics data of the electric motors showed the conformity and the range of changes in the torque on each of the rotors when changing their slip and revolution, which are required when building algorithms for the operation of electric motor control systems as part of drives for various purposes. Analysis of the simulation results made it possible to assess the possibility of using the considered two-rotor electric motor for the drive of drive wheels in an electric and hybrid wheeled vehicle.

Motorized vehicle can’t be apart from our daily activity, because it’s very significantly save our time and energy. According to Erwin (in Sasongko, 2014: 1) mentioned air pollution that comes out from motorized vehicle is very high, so it can pollute the environment and harm human health. Besides, the fossil fuel is an unrenewable which is running low and will cause an energy crisis. So we need alternative energy that is more eco friendly, common, and easy to obtain. Therefore, electric vehicle are one solution to this problem. Electric vehicle is a fuelless vehicle that ran by electric motor with battery for the energy supplier. In accordance with the Kepmen ESDM No. 13 Tahun 2020 about “that to increase the energy efficiency, energy resilience, and energy conservation in transportation sector, it needs to accelerate the battery-based electric motor vehicle program” so that it is necessary to develop innovations to support electric vehicle infrastructure in Indonesia. BLDC Motor is one of the motor type that used in electric vehicle. BLDC Motor used by one of the electric vehicle brands in Indonesia named GESITS, experienced an overheat on the BLDC motor after travelling 30 kilometers around Bekasi (GESITS, 2016). Finally to add cooling to the BLDC Motor, an external fan is installed. This experience shows the importance of cooling to maintain BLDC Motor durability. In addition to cooling the electric motor, it is necessary to pay attention to the efficiency produced by the electric motor. So that it can make consideration of battery consumption on the motorcycle design. Based on the problems above, this research will analyze the efficiency and thermal of a 3000 Watt BLDC Motor in the design of an electric motorcycle. The data collection will be carried out by using the Dynotest tool or Chassis Dynamometer to obtain amount of power, torque, electric current and thermal on the electric motor being tested. From these data calculations will be carried out for the efficiency of a 3000 Watt BLDC Motor. So that this research can be used as a reference for the further development of electric vehicles.

Conventional vehicle fuel resources are encompassed with the jeopardy of being scarce; eventually exacerbating fuel prices. This high fuel prices further aggregate to elevate the total ownership cost and have led to an epiphany of national energy security. Further, the emission from conventional fuel combustion urges a need to cogitate about the already saddled environmental concerns. Alternatively, electric vehicles are looked upon as a potential option to conventional vehicles due to no tail-pipe emissions and low operating costs. However, if a complete life cycle is considered, an intuitive assumption that electric vehicles have no emissions and costs less can be a deception. Hence, the feasibility of electric vehicles as an option for conventional vehicles needs to be contemplated in economic and environmental aspects. This article presents the comparison between battery electric vehicles and conventional vehicles by performing a life cycle analysis (economic and environmental) in the Indian context. A Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) model is developed for financial analysis to depict the compatibility status of battery electric vehicles. The environmental analysis is conducted by using OpenLCA software based on ReCePi 2016 method for all the impact categories at mid-point as well as end-point levels. The results reckon electric vehicles are costlier than conventional vehicles with current statistics and policies in India. However, by implementing certain optimizing parameters in sensitivity analysis, electric vehicles are found to have cost parity and even become more economical than conventional vehicles in some cases. The outcomes from environmental analysis unveil that the GHG emissions from battery electric vehicles are less than that from conventional vehicles. However, out of the 18 impact categories considered, battery electric vehicles have less impact in 10 categories and even have less impact score at the end-point level.

The feasibility of heavy battery electric trucks

Life-cycle private-cost-based competitiveness analysis of electric vehicles in China considering the intangible cost of traffic policies

Battery electric vehicles, otherwise called BEVs, are completely electric vehicles which runs on rechargeable batteries. They utilize energy which is put away in rechargeable battery packs, with no utilization of optional source, for example, gases, hydrogen energy unit, internal combustion engine, and so on. Rather than internal combustion engines (ICEs), BEVs utilize electric engines and engine controllers. During the eighteenth century, the possibility of an electric vehicle began and the advancement began. The principal successful electric car, known as The Electrobat, was created in 1894 utilizing lead batteries. Mechanical designer Henry G. Morris and scientific expert Pedro G. Salom in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania have created it. In 1895, William Morrison of Des Moines built up a six-wheeled electric vehicle (wagon) which was equipped for arriving at the speed of 23 km/h. Later on, the car organization General Motors (GM) in the mid-1960s made their first idea, The Electrovair utilizing a battery of silver and zinc which convey nearly 530 V. Decades later in 2008, Tesla Motors delivered their first battery electric vehicle (BEV), Roadster which utilized lithium-ion battery for traveling in excess of 320 km for every charge upto an extraordinary speed of 200 km/h. A portion of the renowned instances of BEVs are Chevy Bolt, Portage Focus Electric, Hyundai Ionic, Mitsubishi I-MiEV, Volkswagen e-Golf, and so forth. The Battery electric vehicle comprises of different parts which incorporate battery, charge port, DC/DC converter, electric traction motor, power electronics controller, a thermal system, traction battery pack, and so forth. Since these vehicles utilize electric engine rather than the internal combustion engine, along these lines, an enormous battery pack is expected for controlling the electric engine. For the charging of the enormous traction batteries, charging station or outlet is required, which isn't accessible all over the place and henceforth the expansion of BEVs is very troublesome. The working of the BEVs is to such an extent that the helper battery gives energy to control the frill of BEV. The vehicle has the charge port to interface with an external supply to charge the battery pack. The installed charger in it helps in changing over AC power to the DC capacity to charge the traction battery with the goal that it can store and give power to the engine. The vehicle has mounted a DC/DC converter to give a low voltage DC capacity to the components. The power from the battery pack is dealt with the electric engine which moves the wheels of the car. The torque created, and the speed of engine is controlled with the assistance of the power electronics controller, and it additionally manages the energy stream. A thermal system deals with the working temperature of the motor, and the electric transmission aids in moving the mechanical capacity to the drive wheels. This is the manner in which the vehicle moves. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) do not produce any sort of unsafe dangers, not at all like fuel-controlled vehicles or ordinary petroleum/diesel vehicles, and in this manner, they are profoundly condition cordial. Likewise, they have a low running expense of around 33% per kilometer when contrasted with regular vehicles. Considering every one of these variables, battery-worked vehicles are probably going to supplant regular ICE vehicles soon.KeywordsBattery electric vehiclesThe history and evolutionConstructionWorkingBatteriesClassification of chargingAdvantages

A life-cycle assessment of battery electric and internal combustion engine vehicles: A case in Hebei Province, China

CHAPTER TWENTY TWO - Automakers’ Powertrain Options for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles