Analysis of Family Interaction Depending on the Age of Marriage Partners

Parents are concerned about how gender identity may affect their child's views and behaviors, given the surge in the number of children and young adults who are willing to defy normal gender expression these days. However, due to the subject's sensitivity, few studies on this topic have been conducted in Malaysia. As a result, the focus of this study was on parenting practices and parents' attitudes toward a child's gender nonconformity, with parental educational levels serving as a moderating factor. This study sought to educate and inform parents by providing them with a greater understanding of the techniques they choose as their parenting styles and attitudes, as well as how those styles and attitudes affect how they know, reflect on, and interpret their children's gender behaviors. This study included 300 parents from Klang Valley, Malaysia. As instruments, the Attitude Toward Woman Scale (AWS), Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ), and Gender Identity Questionnaire (GIQC) were used. According to the findings of this study, attitude plays a substantial role on children's gender nonconformity. Furthermore, the study's findings demonstrated that parental education considerably moderates the relation between parents' attitudes and authoritative parenting style and children's gender nonconformity. Finally, higher degrees of education minimize gender nonconformity in children with the same level of parental attitude. Higher levels of education, on the other hand, increase children's non-conformity among children with the same amount of authoritative parenting style. In other words, higher levels of education increase the negative influence of parents' authoritative parenting style on non-conformity behavior in children.

Background: Domestic violence, including child abuse, spousal abuse, elder abuse, and parent abuse, is a common issue in the modern world. Parent abuse is one of the phenomena that has been the focus of attention in recent decades due to its negative effects on the family system. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the predictors of parent abuse in boy students. Methods: This present study was a correlational study. The statistical population was all second-grade boy high school students and their mothers in Kuhdasht-Iran in 2020. In this regard, 380 students were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Instruments were the parent abuse scale (boy version), child exposure to domestic violence (CEDV), parent marital conflict, parenting style inventory (PSI), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, and Samani Family Cohesion Questionnaire. The students and their mothers completed the instruments. The data were analyzed with Pearson correlation and regression. Results: The findings showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between domestic violence, marital conflict, authoritarian and permissive parenting styles with parent abuse, and there was a significant negative relationship between family coherence, authoritative parenting style, and students' self-esteem with parent abuse. The results from stepwise regression showed that domestic violence, authoritative and permissive parenting styles, and self-esteem were the strongest predictors of parent abuse. Conclusions: According to our findings, the negative interactions and the children’s exposure to violence within the family are basic triggers for the occurrence of mother abuse.

Background Visual impairment is a risk factor for psychiatric disorders in the affected children and adolescents, but there are only a limited number of studies concerning the mental health characteristics of visually impaired children and adolescents. Objective The aim of this study was to determine levels of loneliness and anxiety in visually impaired children and adolescents, to analyze parenting style perceived by visually impaired children and adolescents, to compare those with typically controls. Methods The study included 40 children and adolescents with visually impairment and 34 control group without visual impairment. Sociodemographic data form, the UCLA loneliness scale, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children were used in both groups. The parenting Style Scale was used to determine perceived parental attitudes. Results This study found more loneliness and trait anxiety levels in visually impaired children and adolescents compared to the control group. Authoritative parenting style was the most frequent type of parental attitude in the visually impaired group. In visual impairment group, loneliness level was higher in subgroups of authoritative and permissive-indulgent parenting style. However, level of trait anxiety was higher in authoritative parenting style subgroup compared to the control group. Discussion The results of this study showed higher loneliness and anxiety levels in visually impaired children and adolescents. Further studies are needed to determine psychopathological risks in this population.

The self-reported experiences of siblings who have a brother or sister diagnosed with childhood cancer: a systematic review protocol of qualitative evidence

Relationship between Parental Involvement/Attitude and Children's School Achievements

The focus of this paper is on the sibling subsystem, a neglected area of therapeutic intervention during family system reorganization following divorce. Specifically, the period following separation/divorce and remarriage of one/both of the parents is the time covered. Treatment of the sibling subsystem and through the sibling subsystem are considered. The paper deals primarily with focusing attention on this neglected area, not on the tactics to be used with particular families or sibling subsystems.

The burden of adolescent cigarette smoking is substantial. We assess mothers’ and fathers’ attitudes and behaviours on adolescent smoking using a cross-sectional study of n = 707 adolescents. Associations between parental attitudes and behaviours in adolescent smoking were assessed using logistic regression separately for boys and girls. Occasional alcohol use by both parents increased odds of smoking once a day (OR = 2.44, 95% CI 1.26, 4.71, OR = 1.51, 95% CI 0.97, 2.35, respectively). Fathers smoking increased odds for girls (OR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.01, 2.52). A democratic mother decreased odds for boys (OR = 0.32, 95% CI 0.10, 0.93) whereas a protective, demanding mother increased the odds for girls (OR = 8.65, 95% CI 1.38, 54.22). Public health smoking prevention programs could support changing parental behaviours and attitudes in early years to address this burden in countries with authoritarian parenting styles.

The article presents the results of a study comparing family upbringing strategies with parents’ attitudes towards children, comparing the parenting styles of fathers and mothers, comparing groups of children with different levels of parental control during Russia’s large-scale war in Ukraine. It is noted that during Russia’s large-scale war in Ukraine, the focus of scientific research has been somewhat shifted to vectors related to the peculiarities of experiencing traumatic events by different segments of the population. However, the focus of our research is on changes in the family system in times of adversity. The purpose of our study was to identify the peculiarities of the relationship between family upbringing styles and parental attitudes and the fears and anxiety of primary school children during the war.
 Comparison of the groups of mothers and fathers under study made it possible to see differences in family upbringing strategies. It was found that a higher level of fear and anxiety is observed in children whose parents have a high level of parental control. It has been found that an increase in the level of control and the degree of parental demands that characterize authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles contribute to the growth of child anxiety. 
 Based on the study, the following conclusions were made: the overall childhood anxiety of primary school students is inversely related to the family upbringing strategy, so the increase in the level of control and the degree of parental demands (which subjectively increase during the war), which characterize the authoritarian and authoritative styles of upbringing, contribute to the growth of childhood anxiety.
 Comparing groups of children with different levels of control revealed differences in the level of fear and anxiety. Given that the parents studied showed oppositely high rates of authoritarian, authoritative (mothers) and indifferent (fathers) parenting styles, it is argued that the difference in parenting styles is one of the leading psychological factors of anxiety in primary school children during war. 
 This was also confirmed by the results of factor analysis, which revealed one factor – control and negative attitude to the child’s failures (high demands), and another factor – cooperation and emotional acceptance as a prevention of anxiety.

The child's confidence in the family system contributes to the development of emotional security, which in turn has a positive effect on the child's development. Parental conflicts can have a negative impact on the child's perception of the family system and can lead to the development of emotional insecurity. Triangulation, or the involvement of the child in parental conflict, is an additional risk factor for the development of the child's destructive perceptions of the family. Our study focused on the links between triangulation and the child's perception of parental conflict as destructive for the family system, as well as on the moderating role of the child's age. The sample consisted of 146 children, with an average age of thirteen. The respondents were asked to complete the following questionnaires: The child's perception of parental conflict and Security within the parental subsystem. The findings of moderation analysis show that triangulation is a significant individual predictor of destructive perceptions of the family (β=-.068, p<.01), and that age is a significant moderator of the effects of triangulation on destructive perceptions of the family (β=.167, p<.05). Young adolescents are more likely than children in middle adolescence to perceive that parental conflict is destructive to the family system if they play the role of passive observer. Age differences can be explained by the cognitive immaturity of younger children and their inability to foresee the consequences of conflict and the reasons for its occurrence. The findings highlight the importance of age-appropriate parental actions in situations of marital conflict.

Developmental abnormalities in children can occur as a result of parental inattention and attitudes. The purpose of this study is to understand better the association between parenting methods and parental attitudes and the conduct of children aged three to five. The research method is descriptive-analytical, with a cross-sectional approach. TKM NU 166 Nahdlatul Ummah Goloka Kanjeng Sepuh Gresik is home to 34 parents with children aged 3-5 years. Purposive sampling was utilized, with 30 parents as the sample size. Questionnaires were used to collect data on parenting techniques, parental views, and children's conduct. Observation checklists were also used. Data were processed using frequency distribution tables and examined using the Lamda statistical test. The outcomes of the data analysis were triangulated using interviews, observations, and documentation. The study found that 11 children (84.6percent) with democratic parenting exhibited prosocial behavior, but authoritarian and permissive parenting styles were linked to antisocial behavior. All children (100percent) of parents with negative attitudes engaged in antisocial behavior. The conclusion is that parenting techniques and parental attitudes influence children's conduct.

“We took turns”: How do child victims of intrafamilial child sexual abuse perceive and experience their siblings?

Approximately 90% of the American population has grown up with at least one sibling, and this is often the longest lasting relationship most people will have in their lives ( Milevsky, 2011 ). Yet, the sibling literature is still burgeoning and significant gaps exist regarding ways that the sibling subsystem may be affected by intrafamilial abuse. The current article examines sibling roles, relationships, and functions through the lens of family systems theory and gives an overview of research conducted on siblings, with special focus on studies about siblings in abusive families. We then propose a theoretical typology of sibling subsystems that may develop in an abusive family system. Implications for research, theory, and clinical practice are discussed.

Transition experience of parents caring of children with epilepsy: A phenomenological study

There is little literature that has explored the paternal role among children with intellectual disabilities. The aim of the study is to characterise parental attitudes and styles of fathers of children with intellectual disabilities, and to analyse their relation to the children's adaptive behaviour. Eighty-three families (fathers and mothers) answered self-report questionnaires, which assessed parenting styles and attitudes, as well as an adaptive behaviour questionnaire about their children with intellectual disabilities between 4 and 18years of age. Both parents have a tendency towards an authoritative style of parenting. Fathers (versus mothers) perceive greater parental support but are less involved in their children's lives. Among fathers, the authoritative style was a significant contributor to the child's adaptive behaviour, above and beyond the mother's contribution. Studies about parenting should include both mothers and fathers, as paternal parenting styles and attitudes are related to children's adaptive behaviour.

Aim of the studySeveral factors affect the formation of self-esteem in children. Given the importance of parental attitudes and educational practices in development of a sense of self-worth in children, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and self-esteem in primary school children .Subject or material and methodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on primary school children in Zahedan during 2013-2014. The data were collected using Cooper-Smith Self-Esteem Inventory and Diana Baumrind Parenting Style Inventory. Then, the data were described using mean, standard deviation, and frequency, and were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. All analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical software, version 16.frequency, and multivariate regression test as well as Pearson correlation coefficient was applied for data analysis. The SPSS software version 16 was also used for data analysisResultsThe results showed that the total mean score of self-esteem was 32.5±5.6 and most parenting styles were authoritative (80.6%). In addition, a significant relationship was found between self-esteem and authoritative parenting style (p&lt;0.05).DiscussionAccording to the present study, the data related to predict self-esteem through the use of parenting styles indicated that authoritative parenting style is a significant predictor of self-esteem. Furthermore, authoritative parenting style is a significant predictor of a child's self-esteem and this suggests that self-esteem is significantly higher in those who have parents with authoritative parenting styleConclusionsThe study results indicated that authoritative parenting style was a significant predictor of children’s self-esteem. In other words, children of parents with authoritative parenting style had significantly higher self-esteem.