ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE WAITING PERIOD OF EDUCATED WORKERS

Relatively little is known about late-life patterns of cognitive function among Hispanics of Mexican heritage who reside in the United States. The authors designed a study to assess the association between Mexican-American ethnicity (defined in terms of childhood and adolescent developmental history) and cognitive function among elderly Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white residents of El Paso County, Texas. Our findings indicate significant associations between the degree of Mexican-American ethnicity and cognitive impairment on all three measures of cognitive function. These statistically significant findings remain after effects of education, age, and gender have been removed from the multiple regression equation. The authors conclude that a dependable and clinically meaningful negative association exists between Mexican-American ethnicity and late-life cognitive function in this region that is mediated by as yet unmeasured variables.

This study examines the effects of changes in unemployment rates on job search duration based on education level and gender in Turkey. Using monthly data obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute for the period January 2005 through February 2013, we investigated the relationship between job search behavior and unemployment among participants with different education levels and genders. Results show that, in general, unemployment rate negatively affected the university graduates' probability of finding a job, though male university graduates' probability of finding a job was affected positively from their unemployment rate. High school graduates were affected positively from an increase in the overall unemployment rate, and when females and males were examined separately, the unemployment rate of the each group showed positive effects. Considering that vocational high school graduates obtain the same degree as traditional high school graduates but are taught required skills for specific jobs, our findings differed for this group compared with traditional high school graduates showing similarities with the results for university graduates. For the illiterate group, unemployment rate was positively related to job-seeking behavior; therefore, unskilled workers found jobs easily during high unemployment periods.Keywords: Job search * Job search duration * Unemployment * Education * Vector Error Correction ModelThere are two fundamental components that determine the reservation wage and the optimum point to conduct a job search: The education level of the job seeker (i.e., the main element of the reservation wage determination) and the market's current unemployment rate. Another important element is the behavioral differences between males and females. In this context, Ashenfelter and Ham (1979), Nickell (1979), Kiefer (1985), and Kettunen (1997) examined the relationship between education and unemployment, while Durand (1975), Pampel and Tanaka (1986), Psacharopoulos and Tzannatos (1989), Schultz (1990), Tansel (2001), and Bildirici, Aykac, Ozaksoy, and Akgul (2012) emphasized the differences of job search behavior, unemployment rate, and reservation wage determination between males and females, particularly during economic crisis periods.A limited number of previous studies have examined this issue specifically within Turkey. Dayioglu and Kasnakoglu (1997), Tunali (1997), Ozar and Senesen (1998), and Dayioglu (2000) evaluated the education level and labor force participation in Turkey, while Tasci and Darici (2009) and Kumas and Caglar (2011) examined the unemployment rate according to the gender gap. Previous research on the topic is limited due to the absence of reliable data on wages, a problem that still exists and causes issues during econometric analysis processes.The relationship between job search behavior and education and unemployment rate has drawn attention in both job search theory and human capital theory.In human capital theory, chosen education level maximizes the utility and income for a person's life. Early empirical research on the subject was conducted by De Wolff and van Slijpe (1973), Willis and Rosen (1979), Garen (1984), and Oosterbeek (1990). Determination of the optimum education level is a crucial issue, as Spence (1973), Hartog (1981; 1986), Duncan and Hoffmen (1981), Tsang and Levin (1985), Rumberger (1981), and Hartog and Oosterbeek (1988) showed that choosing an education level above the optimum point can cause complications in the long run.In job search models, it is assumed that the higher the level of education, the larger the increase in job opportunities. Since job-offer details proposed to individuals differ for the same job, they build up a job description for each individual. Furthermore, it is assumed that as a result of the increase in job opportunities by schooling year, employment offers that fall short of the education level can be accepted, but the ones that exceed it cannot be accepted or proposed. …

Educational Level as a Determinant of Access to and Outcomes After Kidney Transplantation in the United States

This study aims to determine the perception of coaches in the entry of digitalization of sports and the effect of gender, age, region, educational background, and training experience on the perception of the entry of digitalization of sports. This research is a quantitative research with a cross-sectional survey method. The data collection instrument uses a questionnaire that has been tested for validity and reliability using the corrected item-total correlation test and the Cronbach'Alpha test. Percentage analysis was used to determine the coach's perception, while ordinal regression was used to determine the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. The study results found that 39.9% of coaches agreed, and 39.4% strongly agreed with digital technology in sports. Two independent variable indicators influence coaches' perception of the inclusion of digitalization in the world of sports: the level of education and training experience. This study concludes that it is essential to develop the digitalization of training programs; this is related to the convenience of coaches and athletes in monitoring the development of student-athlete training programs. Keywords: digital, training program, coach's perception.

Vascular access is a lifeline for the patients who are in need of long-term hemodialysis. Native arteriovenous fistula is the most intensively preferred vascular access method owing to its longevity and convenience of use. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to determine whether there might be a relationship between hemodialysis patients' educational levels and arteriovenous fistula patency. A total of 349 patients who were attending in a chronic hemodialysis program between June 2018 and September 2018 at Bursa Uludağ University, Faculty of Medicine Dialysis Unit and in a private dialysis center in İstanbul were included in this study. The patients were grouped into two: those who have had arteriovenous fistula primary failure at least once and those who have never had arteriovenous fistula primary failure. Educational levels of the patients were classified according to Turkish National Education system (illiterate, primary school graduate, secondary school graduate, high school graduate, and university graduate). Mann-Whitney U and Chi-square tests were performed for statistical analyses. Risk factors were determined by applying backward binary logistic regression analysis. A total of 349 patients, 161 (46.1%) females and 188 (53.9%) males, were examined retrospectively. The median age of the patients was 64 years (range: 18-90 years). Educational level comparison revealed statistically significant difference in terms of fistula patency (p = 0.016). In particular, fistula patency was significantly lower in illiterate, primary, secondary, and high school graduates in comparison with university graduates (p = 0.001, p = 0.015, p = 0.003, and p = 0.018, respectively). When each group of educational level was analyzed separately in terms of fistula patency, it was observed that the higher the educational level was, the lower arteriovenous fistula primary failure rates were. In this study, we observed a lower rate of fistula patency in patients with a low level of education. Hence, we are of the opinion that the trainings delivered on arteriovenous fistula care in dialysis centers are required to be shaped in accordance with educational levels of patients.

The wage earned by college graduates over that earned by high school graduates is often described as perhaps the major incentive to get a college education. Although wages of college and high school graduates vary widely, when using large nationally based surveys to compare people who finished school at the same time, we find on average college graduates earn more than high school graduates. There are, of course, many exceptions where individual high school graduates earn more than college graduates, but, as a rough approximation, it has been true for men that the college wage premium averages 50 percent of the high school graduate wage.1The premium typically increases over the career so that when we restrict calculations to recent graduates, we find smaller college—high school graduate differentials than those found when we compare men at midcareer. The premium also varies through time.

To assess the association between maternal education level and live birth after in vitro fertilization (IVF). We studied women who underwent the first cycle of fresh or frozen-thawed embryo transfer between 2014 and 2019. Women were divided into four educational categories according to the level of education received (elementary school graduate or less, middle school graduate, high school graduate, college graduate or higher). The live birth rate was compared between different education level groups. We used logistic regression to analyze the association between maternal education level and live birth after IVF. We studied 41,546 women, who were grouped by maternal educational level: elementary school graduate or less (n = 1590), middle school graduate (n = 10,996), high school graduate (n = 8354), and college graduate or higher (n = 20,606). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, we did not demonstrate a statistically significant relationship between educational level and live birth in middle school graduate (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84-1.09), high school graduate (AOR 1.01; 95% CI, 0.87-1.14) or college graduate or higher (AOR 1.01; 95% CI, 0.88-1.14) patients, with elementary school graduate or less as the reference group. Maternal educational level was not associated with the likelihood of live birth in patients undergoing fresh or frozen embryo transfer.

Associations of educational attainment with improved health outcomes have been found to be weaker among racial/ethnic minority groups compared with those among the racial/ethnic majority group. Recent research has also documented higher than expected prevalence of smoking in highly educated African American and Hispanic adults. To compare the association of educational attainment with exposure to tobacco advertisements among racial/ethnic groups of US young adults. This cross-sectional study included data from 6700 young adults who participated in wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, a nationally representative survey of US adults in 2013. Educational attainment was classified as less than high school diploma, high school graduate, or college graduate. Analysis was conducted between September 20 and October 4, 2019. The independent variable was educational attainment (less than high school diploma, high school graduate, and college graduate). The dependent variable was any exposure to tobacco advertisements in the past 12 months. Race/ethnicity, age, sex, poverty status, unemployment, and region were the covariates. Binary logistic and Poisson regression were used to analyze the data. The study included 6700 participants (3366 [50.2%] men) between ages 18 and 24 years. Most participants were non-Hispanic (5257 participants [78.9%]) and white (5394 participants [80.5%]), while 1443 participants (21.5%) were Hispanic. Educational levels included 1167 participants (17.4%) with less than a high school diploma, 4812 participants (71.8%) who were high school graduates, and 4812 participants (10.8%) who were college graduates. A total of 4728 participants (70.6%) reported exposure to tobacco advertisements in the past 12 months. Exposure to tobacco advertising was reported by 383 participants (53.1%) who were college graduates, 3453 participants (71.8%) who were high school graduates, and 892 participants (76.4%) with less than high school educational attainment. In regression analysis, high school graduation (odds ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.68-0.92) and college graduation (odds ratio, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.39-0.54) were associated with lower odds of exposure to tobacco advertisements compared with young adults with lower educational attainment. Compared with non-Hispanic participants, high school education had a weaker protective association for tobacco advertisement exposure among Hispanic participants (odds ratio, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.03-2.01; P = .03), suggesting that the association of high school graduation with lower exposure to tobacco advertisement is weaker among Hispanic young adults than non-Hispanic young adults. This study found that high school graduation had a weaker inverse association with tobacco advertisement exposure among Hispanic than non-Hispanic young adults. Future research should explore the role of targeted marketing strategies of the tobacco industry that largely advertise tobacco in areas with high concentrations of racial/ethnic minority groups. Future research should also evaluate the efficacy of more restrictive marketing policies on racial/ethnic disparities in tobacco use.

Against a general trend over the last 25 years of increasing wage differentials between college and high school graduates, two departures are noteworthy. Between 1971 and 1979, the college wage premium fell by about a third for young graduates and somewhat less for older workers. To some, this narrowing wage differential marked the end of an era when investments in college yielded returns comparable to other investments. In retrospect, the decline in the 1970s was a temporary phenomenon caused by a rapid increase in numbers of college graduates and the baby boom cohorts' entry into the job market. Then, between 1979 and 1986, the college wage premium rose very sharply, exceeding anything found in earlier data. After documenting changes in the college wage premium between 1963 and 1986, we explore dimensions of the recent increase by age, race, and sex, as well as the wage differentials between high school dropouts and graduates and between college dropouts and graduates. Although alternative explanations of earlier departures from the general trend can be found, the sole explanation for the recent dramatic rise in the premium is that the demand for college-trained workers has increased hugely.

When economic growth is advanced, the industrial structure generally changes from manufacturing industry to service industry. Looking at the labor market of each industry in Korea, this phenomenon is clearly evident. In particular, the importance of the logistics industry is highlighted in the Korean industry, which is highly dependent on trade. Statistics confirm that the educational wage discrepancy exists and is deepening in the labor market of the logistics industry. This means that the labour market in this industry has been divided according to educational background. By applying human capital theory, high school graduates or lower were divided into low-educated labor without human capital, and college graduates or higher into high-educated labor with embodied human capital. Under this premise, the three factors (capital, low-educated, high-educated labor) Cobb-Douglas production function was postulated and the analysis on labor demand determinants by educational background, was carried out including output, globalization and neutral technical progress. As a result, the relative prices of production factors did not affect the demand of low-educated labor and high-educated labor in the logistics industry. On the other hand, exogenous changes in the logistics industry, such as output, globalization and technical progress, have a significant impact on the labor market by academic background of the logistics industry. In other words, demand of low-educated labor affects changes more flexibly than demand of high-educated labor. Globalization leads to the increase in demand of high-educated labor, while technical progress leads to the decrease in demand of low-educated labor and the increase in demand of high-educated labor. Based on these estimates, the following policies can be suggested: First, employment stabilization policies for low-educated labor are needed because demand of low-educated labor is more severe due to economic fluctuations. Second, technical advances increase total production by improving productivity, but labor policies are needed in preparation for this because unemployment can occur due to a decrease in low-educational labor demand. Third, globalization causes an increase in demand of high-educated labor, so a human resources training policy necessary for the logistics industry is needed.

To investigate personality traits and psychiatric symptoms, we administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Questionnaire (SCID-II Screen), the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and the 30-item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30) to 781 male computer engineers and 214 male clerical workers in a computer manufacturing factory. Subjects, aged from 20 to 49 years, were divided into university and high school graduates. Among the university graduates, scores for schizotypal and avoidant personality traits were significantly higher in computer engineers than in clerical workers (the effect of age was controlled by analysis of covariance). No significant correlation between personality traits and years employed was found in the university-graduate computer engineers. In high school graduates, scores for borderline and dependent personality traits were significantly lower in computer engineers than in clerical workers (the effect of age was controlled by analysis of covariance). Because of the lack of significant association of personality traits and symptoms with duration of employment in the university-educated computer engineers, the greater prevalence of schizotypal and avoidant personality traits might be related to their process of self-selection of job rather than to computer manufacturing work. In summary, these data suggest that computer engineering work does not cause abnormal personality traits or psychiatric symptoms.

A multiple linear regression technique was used to evaluate and correct the matrix interferences in the determination of As and Pb concentrations in fly ashes by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The direct determination of As and Pb in SRM 1633b by ICP-OES failed to obtain the certified concentrations, except in a couple of cases. However, it proved possible to use the multiple linear regression (MLR) technique to correct the determined concentrations to a satisfactory level. This method of correction is based on the multiple regression line obtained from the analysis of 19 synthetic mixtures of matrix and analyte elements (Al, As, Ca, Fe, Pb, and Si) at five concentration levels. The matrix interferences in the determination of As were caused by Al, Pb, and Ca whereas the matrix interferences in the determination of Pb were caused by Al and Fe. The most suitable parameters for the determination of As and Pb were a plasma power of 1500 W and a nebulizer flow of 0.5 or 0.6 L min−1. The accuracy of the method was shown with the analysis of SRM 1633b and two fly ash samples with the standard addition method. A recovery rate of 96% can be reached for Pb at 220.353 nm with three digestion methods (US-TSD, US1 and MW) by using both direct measurement with thoroughly optimized plasma conditions and the MLR method. A recovery rate of 93% was obtained for As when using the MLR method at 193.696 nm with the digestion method US2, a plasma power of 1500 W, and nebulizer flow of 0.6 L min−1. The corrected and determined concentrations of As and Pb in samples analyzed resulted in a precision of 0.6 to 3.9%.

Monitoring of nonlinear respiratory elastance using a multiple linear regression analysis

In this work, multiple linear regression technique is employed to study the implicit relation between fundamental categories of a academic topic to the performance of the student. Such a problem is important in the development of personalised learning system. Initially a matrix representation of test questions with its fundamental categories is discussed. Subsequently the responses of the test questions are related to the fundamental categories using a system of linear equations. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) technique is employed to study the effect of each fundamental categories on the test scores. A synthesised data-set of known probability distributions is used during evaluations. It has been found that the MLR using F-Statistics can identify the complexity of fundamental categories and useful for recommending questions in a personalised learning system.KeywordsMultiple linear regressionPersonalised learning systemF-statistic

Role of feedstock properties and hydrothermal carbonization conditions on fuel properties of sewage sludge-derived hydrochar using multiple linear regression technique