Abstract
The domestic cat is a widespread and abundant predator that negatively impacts a wide range of species. However, the predation activity and prey type of free-ranging cats may vary between areas with different levels urbanisation. Previous analyses of cat diet have used differing techniques to measure predation that often differ with one another. Given the variability in these methods we hypothesised that cats in rural areas will have a more diverse diet than in urban areas and their predation rate may be higher than those in the urban sites. Moreover, we hypothesized that the diet of urban cats should be highly influenced by anthropogenic food. We selected sites across a rural-to-urban gradient and used three methods of analysis to determine prey in the diet (cat stomachs, cat scats, and prey brought home). We collected 81 stomachs, 409 scats, and 337 prey items of free-roaming cats from six study sites located in southern and eastern Poland. We found seasonal and habitat related differences in prey composition. The proportion of scats and stomachs containing vertebrate varied from 17% in urban areas to 79% in one of the rural areas. Small rodents were the dominant prey category, followed by birds and soricomorphs. Anthropogenic food was found to be an important part of urban cats’ diet, but its significance decreased with a decrease in urbanisation level. Both predation rate and prey diversity were highest in rural areas. While diet analysis provided a better estimation of cat predation rate, the detailed prey examination provided better insight into less common taxa killed by the cats, such as reptiles and small mustelids. Our results contribute to the discussion about the risks associated with the activity of free ranging cats especially in areas with high conservation values.
Highlights
One of the most detrimental invasive species in the world is the domestic cat (Felis catus) (Doherty et al 2016), with welldocumented negative impacts noted in numerous ecosystems, including oceanic islands (Faulquier et al 2009, Medina and Nogales 2009, Medina et al 2011), coastal ecosystems (Risbey et al 1999), and urban ecosystems (Baker et al 2005)
A total of 35 stomach samples were collected in the urban area, 23 in the suburban areas, and 23 in rural areas
Our study showed significant differences in prey consumption by domestic cats in relation to the level of urbanisation
Summary
One of the most detrimental invasive species in the world is the domestic cat (Felis catus) (Doherty et al 2016), with welldocumented negative impacts noted in numerous ecosystems, including oceanic islands (Faulquier et al 2009, Medina and Nogales 2009, Medina et al 2011), coastal ecosystems (Risbey et al 1999), and urban ecosystems (Baker et al 2005). Cat foraging behaviour can vary seasonally and they can exploit different food resources including wild animals, waste food, carcasses of large animals and even plant material (Lepczyk et al 2015; Lepczyk and Duffy 2018). Because of their predatory nature, feral and free-ranging cats are a major cause of native species populations declines (Medina et al 2011; Moseby et al 2015) and local extinctions on oceanic islands (Álvarez-Castañeda and Ortega-Rubio 2003; Dowding and Murphy 2001) as well as in continental locations (Loss and Marra 2017). We hypothesized that the diet of urban cats should be highly influenced by anthropogenic food
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