Analysis of Carbon Dioxide in Kindergartens in Poland

Characteristics of the large-scale circulation during episodes with high and low concentrations of carbon dioxide and air pollutants at an arctic monitoring site in winter

Based on an experimental study, a simplified model is constructed for the concentration of carbon dioxide in conference rooms with stack ventilation. The experiments were carried out in a conference room in the building of the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Białystok University of Technology in Poland. Tests were performed with and without prior airing of the room by opening windows before sessions. The air supply was regulated by unsealing or opening of the windows. In all cases, a linear increase in the level of carbon dioxide was recorded during sessions. The increase in carbon dioxide concentration in rooms of this type is dependent primarily on the volume of the room, the number of people occupying it and the air change rate. In this work, a simplified comprehensive formula was developed to predict the concentration of carbon dioxide in rooms. The model may be applied for the design of systems of automatic regulation in ventilation installations and for analysis of carbon dioxide concentrations in closed rooms used by people. It is proposed that the model can be applied in the regulation of mechanical ventilation in rooms based on the concentration of carbon dioxide.

The increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is one of the main causes of global warming. Remote sensing technology has become an important means of monitoring the distribution of carbon dioxide gas. By remotely monitoring the temporal and spatial distributions of atmospheric carbon dioxide, people can further deepen their understanding of the global carbon process. The GOSAT (Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite) CO2 L4B concentration data from 2010 to 2015 were validated using local station atmospheric data. The spatial and temporal distributions of the carbon dioxide concentration and its variation characteristics were analyzed. Based on the total primary productivity data and human emissions of carbon dioxide data, the influencing factors of spatial variations in carbon dioxide were analyzed. The results show that: (1) The correlation coefficient between GOSATL4B data and ground-measured data is above 0.95, which indicates that the remotely acquired data have high precision and stability. (2) The spatial distribution characteristics of carbon dioxide at different atmospheric pressure heights are quite different. The variation in the long-term series mean of carbon dioxide concentration levels at 17 vertical heights was studied. The fluctuations in concentration changes at different height levels vary, and the closer to the surface, the greater the fluctuation is. The near-surface carbon dioxide concentration (975 hPa) has the largest fluctuation. When the atmospheric pressure is low (for example, 150 or 100 hPa), the high carbon dioxide concentration region is banded and concentrated near the equator. The trends in carbon dioxide concentration over land and sea surfaces are similar, and the common pattern is that the concentration of carbon dioxide has been increasing. (3) The near-surface carbon dioxide concentration (975 hPa) has clearly different spatial characteristics. There are four high-value centers across the globe: East Asia, western Europe, the US East Coast, and Central Africa. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the Northern Hemisphere near the ground is higher than that in the Southern Hemisphere. The fluctuation in the Southern Hemisphere is relatively small, and the trend is opposite that in the Northern Hemisphere. (4) The concentration of carbon dioxide showed a significant growth trend during the study period. By studying the change characteristics of the monthly global average at the 975 hPa level (approximately 300 m above sea level) from January 2010 to October 2015, it can be seen that the global CO2 concentration has been above 400 ppm for most of the year, and it is increasing each year. (5) Compared with the Southern Hemisphere, the cyclical changes in carbon dioxide concentration in the Northern Hemisphere are obvious and large, while the trend in the Southern Hemisphere is relatively stable, and the change is small. There are opposite trends in the cyclical changes in the carbon dioxide concentration in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. When the carbon concentration in the Northern Hemisphere resides over the annual high-value area, the Southern Hemisphere has a low-value area of carbon dioxide concentration every year. In addition, the change in carbon dioxide concentration during the year is obvious with seasonal changes. This should be related to changes in vegetation phenology and different seasons in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. (6) Four countries in East Asia (Korea, Mongolia, Japan and China) from 2010 to 2014 were selected to analyze the relationship between GPP (gross primary production) and near-surface carbon dioxide concentration. These two factors have a significant inverse correlation. When carbon dioxide is at a minimum, the GPP is at its peak, and when carbon dioxide reaches its peak, the GPP reaches a minimum. The above relationship fully indicates that terrestrial ecosystems play an important role as carbon sink contributors in the carbon cycle. (7) The relationship between atmospheric carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide data from human activities from the Global Atmospheric Research Emissions Database was analyzed. The former is significantly and positively correlated with carbon dioxide emissions caused by human activities, indicating that human activities are an important factor in the increase in carbon dioxide.

Diffusivity is a strong function of concentration and an important transport property. Diffusion of multiple species is far more frequent than the diffusion of one species. However, there are limited experimental data available on multi-component diffusivity. The objective of this study is to develop an optimal control framework to determine multi-component concentration-dependent diffusivities of two gases in a non-volatile phase such as polymer. In Part 1 of this study, we derived a detailed mass-transfer model of the experimental diffusion process for the non-volatile phase to provide the temporal masses of gases in the polymer. The determination of diffusivities is an inverse problem involving principles of optimal control. Necessary conditions are determined to solve this problem. In Part 2 of this study, we utilized the results of Part 1 to determine the concentration-dependent, multi-component diffusivities of nitrogen and carbon dioxide in polystyrene. To that end, solubility and diffusion experiments are conducted to obtain necessary data. In the ternary system of nitrogen (1), carbon dioxide (2), and polystyrene (3), the diffusivities and D11, D12, D21, and D22 versus the gas mass fractions are two-dimensional surfaces. The diffusivity of carbon dioxide was found to be greater than that of nitrogen. The value of the main diffusion coefficient D11 was found to increase as the concentration of carbon dioxide increased. The highest value of D11 obtained was 2.2 X 10^-8m^2s^-1 for nitrogen mass fraction of 3.14 X10^-4 and for a carbon dioxide mass fraction of 5.67 X 10^-4 . The cross-diffusion coefficient increased as the concentrations of nitrogen and carbon dioxide increased. The diffusivity reached its maximum value when the concentrations of nitrogen and carbon dioxide were at their maximum values. The diffusivity was of the order of 10^-9m^2s^-1. The diffusivity of the cross-diffusion coefficient D21 was found to be increased for the mass The diffusivity of the cross-diffusion coefficient was found to be increased for the mass fractions of carbon dioxide ranging from 0 to 1.70 X 10^-3 . The diffusivity was found to be of the order of . The diffusion coefficient, D22, was found to increase with the concentrations of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, D22 remained high with low concentrations of carbon dioxide. The diffusivity was found to be of the order of 10^-7m^2s^-1

Diffusivity is a strong function of concentration and an important transport property. Diffusion of multiple species is far more frequent than the diffusion of one species. However, there are limited experimental data available on multi-component diffusivity. The objective of this study is to develop an optimal control framework to determine multi-component concentration-dependent diffusivities of two gases in a non-volatile phase such as polymer. In Part 1 of this study, we derived a detailed mass-transfer model of the experimental diffusion process for the non-volatile phase to provide the temporal masses of gases in the polymer. The determination of diffusivities is an inverse problem involving principles of optimal control. Necessary conditions are determined to solve this problem. In Part 2 of this study, we utilized the results of Part 1 to determine the concentration-dependent, multi-component diffusivities of nitrogen and carbon dioxide in polystyrene. To that end, solubility and diffusion experiments are conducted to obtain necessary data. In the ternary system of nitrogen (1), carbon dioxide (2), and polystyrene (3), the diffusivities and D11, D12, D21, and D22 versus the gas mass fractions are two-dimensional surfaces. The diffusivity of carbon dioxide was found to be greater than that of nitrogen. The value of the main diffusion coefficient D11 was found to increase as the concentration of carbon dioxide increased. The highest value of D11 obtained was 2.2 X 10^-8m^2s^-1 for nitrogen mass fraction of 3.14 X10^-4 and for a carbon dioxide mass fraction of 5.67 X 10^-4 . The cross-diffusion coefficient increased as the concentrations of nitrogen and carbon dioxide increased. The diffusivity reached its maximum value when the concentrations of nitrogen and carbon dioxide were at their maximum values. The diffusivity was of the order of 10^-9m^2s^-1. The diffusivity of the cross-diffusion coefficient D21 was found to be increased for the mass The diffusivity of the cross-diffusion coefficient was found to be increased for the mass fractions of carbon dioxide ranging from 0 to 1.70 X 10^-3 . The diffusivity was found to be of the order of . The diffusion coefficient, D22, was found to increase with the concentrations of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, D22 remained high with low concentrations of carbon dioxide. The diffusivity was found to be of the order of 10^-7m^2s^-1

Abstract| In animals metabolic processes, involve complex organic molecules being brokendown to simpler molecules, such as carbon dioxide and water. Carbon dioxide waste is removedfrom the body through respiration. Carbon dioxide content in fresh air is approximately 400parts per million. In this study, we investigate the relationship between ventilation e–ciencyand carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration. Carbon dioxide concentration can give an indication ofthe indoor air quality in indoor and enclosed environments. It serves as a measure of ventilatione–ciency in areas where air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation is provided.Our survey of various enclosed environments indicate that CO 2 levels may exceed the levels thathave been suggested to cause occupants to grow drowsy, get headaches, or function at loweractivity levels. Elevated levels of CO 2 are observed in public transport when fllled almost tocapacity and these concentrations remain for long durations.1. INTRODUCTION The most periodic found gases on the earth is carbon dioxide (CO

ASSIMILATION AND RESPIRATION OF EXCISED LEAVES AT HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF CARBON DIOXIDE

Lactic acid, carbon dioxide and human sweat stimuli were presented singly and in combination to femaleAedes aegypti(Linnaeus) within a wind-tunnel system. The take-off, flight, landing and probing responses of the mosquitoes were recorded using direct observation and video techniques. The analyses determined the nature of the response to different stimuli and the concentration ranges within which specific behaviours occurred. A threshold carbon dioxide concentration for taking-off of approximately 0.03% above ambient was detected. Lactic acid and human sweat samples did not elicit take-off when presented alone, however, when they were combined with elevated carbon dioxide, take-off rate was enhanced in most of the combinations tested. Flight activity was positively correlated with carbon dioxide level and some evidence for synergism with lactic acid was found within a narrow window of blend concentrations. The factors eliciting landing were more subtle. There was a positive correlation between landing rate and carbon dioxide concentration. At the lowest carbon dioxide concentration tested, landing occurred only in the presence of lactic acid. Within a window of low to intermediate concentrations, landing rate was enhanced by this combination. At the highest carbon dioxide concentration, landing was however inhibited by the presence of lactic acid. The sweat extract elicited landings in the absence of elevated carbon dioxide. This indicated the presence of chemical stimuli, other than lactic acid, active in the short range. Probing occurred only at low carbon dioxide concentrations and there was no probing when lactic acid alone was tested. There was however probing in the presence of combined stimuli, the level of response seemed to be positively correlated with the ratio of carbon dioxide and lactic acid concentrations.

STUDIES IN THE PHYSIOLOGY OF SPERMATOZOA

This experiment was conducted to observe the effect of the composition of atmospheric gases on the respiration of fruits and vegetables. The average of repiration rate of eggplants, Japanese pears, spinach and cauliflower (under storage in modified atmosphere) were lower than that under storage in air. Especially, the respiration rate of the products stored in modified atmosphere conta fined 5% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide was about half of that in air. (Experiment I.)It is clear that a decline in the respiration of these products in storge is brought about by a combination of super-normal carbon dioxide concentration and reduced oxygen concentration. However, the data in experiment I has not been elucidated which is the main fatter concerning the reduction in respiration.In order to test the precise contribution of each of these fatter, experiment II was conducted both tests on oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in atmospheric gases on the respiration of vegetables. Carbon dioxide test was carried out at the range of 0-20% and oxygen test was carried out at the range of 5-25%.In this experiment, the respiration rate of some vegetables could be controlled either by decrease of oxygen concentration or by increase of carbon dioxide concentration.It was found that there was three phases to control the respiration rate in practical CA-storage. Three phases were as follows: (1) decrease of oxygen concentration, (2) increase of carbon dioxide concentration and (3) both decrease of oxygen concentration and increase of carbon dioxide concentration. Vegetables showed pattern (1) were spinach, pea in pod, kidney bean, lettuce, bell peppers and eggplants. They were very sensitive to the oxygen content in atmospheric gases. Cauliflower belonged to pattern (2) which shows relatively sensitive carbon dioxide concentration. Other vegetables which are pattern (3) are strawberries, celery, tomatoes, welsh onion and garden asparagus. These vegetables were sensetive to carbon dioxide and oxygen concentration in the atmospheric gases. Thus, it was considered that the response of vegetables to special gases reducing the respiration was different from the kinds of vegetables.

For the design of high oxygen modified atmosphere packages, knowledge and modelling of respiration rates at both low and super‐atmospheric oxygen levels is required. Fresh‐cut butterhead lettuce was stored in glass jars at three different temperatures (1 °C, 5 °C and 9 °C), three carbon dioxide levels (0, 10 and 20 kPa) and eight different levels of oxygen partial pressures (0, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 70 and 100 kPa). Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production rates were measured. The respiration rates were significantly reduced by low temperatures and elevated carbon dioxide concentrations up to 10 kPa. At carbon dioxide concentrations of 20 kPa the respiration rates were comparable to those at 0 kPa CO2 probably due to an injury response. Oxygen concentrations had to be below 2 kPa to significantly reduce the respiration rates compared to air conditions. Respiration rates were also slightly lower under super‐atmospheric (50, 70 and 100 kPa) oxygen partial pressures than at air conditions. Additionally, a Michaelis–Menten based model to describe the respiration rates as a function of oxygen, carbon dioxide and temperature was constructed. Models that include respiration rates at super‐atmospheric oxygen levels have not previously been described. The inhibitive effects of carbon dioxide and high oxygen concentrations were incorporated by an uncompetitive and a non‐competitive inhibition term respectively. Temperature effects were described using Arrhenius' law. The model gave a good description (R2adj = 0.82) of the oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production rates over the temperature, oxygen and carbon dioxide range tested. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry

The rapid growth of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and/or Nitrogen (N2) Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) projects has resulted in the need for efficient low cost rejection technology. This is particularly true if the Nitrogen or Carbon Dioxide is produced with a natural gas that has an existing market. Basic rejection cycles are described and compared. Key process and mechanical design considerations, especially those unique to Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide, are emphasized. The Carbon Dioxide or Nitrogen content in the produced gas increases with time over the life of a project, so the rejection equipment must perform satisfactorily over a broad range of feed compositions. Recycling the rejected Carbon Dioxide or Nitrogen is a cheaper source of injection gas than its original source. A rejection unit can be designed as an add-on unit to existing natural gas processing facilities in which much of the stabilization, pre-treatment, and liquid recovery already exists. A sample application for nitrogen rejection is presented including process performance and simple economics for a "typical" case.

Providing for increasing global energy needs while managing carbon dioxide emissions is the dual energy challenge the modern world faces. In order to meet this challenge, reliable and dispatchable low carbon energy sources are a likely component. For many scenarios, this suggests that cost effective carbon dioxide capture will be a key technology.[1] Carbon capture with carbonate fuel cells (CFCs) may be one such technology option.[2]Carbonate fuel cells concentrate carbon dioxide from the cathode to the anode as part of their normal operation, effectively doing both carbon capture and low carbon power generation in a single process. (see Figure 1) When generating power, typical carbon dioxide concentrations fed to the CFC cathode tend to be higher than carbon dioxide emissions of many industrial processes. This means that if we want to capture that carbon dioxide, we need the fuel cell to operate at lower carbon dioxide concentrations than it typically does. For carbon capture operations, cathode inlet carbon dioxide concentrations could be as low as 4%. Additionally, under typical power generation operations, CFCs only capture a fraction of the carbon dioxide (<50%) fed to the cathode, where for carbon capture rates may be as high as 90%. Together these two constraints (low initial concentration and higher capture) results in very low carbon dioxide concentrations in the cell, particularly at the cathode outlet. This may impact the fundamental chemistry of the process. Carbon dioxide capture at 4% and lower was tested in a fuel cell, specifically designed to minimize mass transport effects external to the active cell components. Carbon capture was demonstrated at a range of carbon dioxide concentrations ranging from standard operation for power generation (>10%) to <1%. Additionally, oxygen concentrations and current densities were varied over likely operational ranges. We demonstrate that under most circumstances, operations under carbon capture conditions proceed via a similar mechanism to those under power generation conditions. However, in harsh or extreme conditions, where carbon dioxide concentrations are low (<0.5%) and/or current densities high, alternative mechanisms appear. We demonstrate how the CFC performs when these alternative mechanisms are present. Additionally, our findings suggest that they appear to utilize water in place of carbon dioxide and allow the cell to operate at conditions beyond theoretical complete carbon capture. [1] IEA World Energy Outlook 2018; Bloomberg New Energy Finance, New Energy Outlook 2018 [2] Ghezel-Ayagh H., Jolly S., Patel D., Hunt J., Steen W., Richardson C., Marina O., (2013) A Novel System for Carbon Dioxide Capture Utilizing Electrochemical Membrane Technology ECS Transaction Vol 51 (1) 265-272 Figure 1

Measurement of carbon monoxide in simulated expired breath

The objective of this work is to study effect of environmental tax on emitters to attain a pollution free environment. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the effect of environmental tax to control carbon dioxide (a global warming gas) concentration in the atmosphere using a nonlinear mathematical model. It is assumed that the environmental tax is levied only when the concentration of carbon dioxide crosses a threshold level over which it is harmful to our environment. Analytically, it is shown that the concentration of carbon dioxide decreases as the rate of environmental tax increases. The variation of carbon dioxide concentration (with and without environmental tax) has also been shown in a plot to confirm analytical results. Further, carbon dioxide concentration can also be reduced by greenbelt (leafy trees) plantation. It is shown, analytically and numerically, that carbon dioxide concentration decreases as its rate of interaction (absorption) with leafy trees increases.