Analysis of asymmetries in the nexus among clean energy and environmental quality in Pakistan.

The current global spirit for sustainable development has led to increased attention to reducing the use of conventional energy sources and managing the issue of climate change. Renewable (or clean) energy consumption is a key element of any country's environmental quality and sustainable economic growth. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the impacts on clean energy consumption of common factors in pursuing a sustainability strategy, including environmental degradation (measured as carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions), clean energy technology, gross domestic product (GDP) growth, institutional quality, and globalization for a panel of European Union (EU) 28 countries in the period from 1995 to 2017. We employ two estimation techniques, continuous updating-fully modifying (CUP-FM) and continuous updating-bias correcting (CUP-BC). In addition, the study incorporates Driscoll-Kraay regression for a panel model to investigate the validity and reliability of long-term elasticities' results. The findings of long-run analyses indicate that CO2 emissions, clean energy technology, GDP growth, and globalization positively impact clean energy consumption and institutional quality negatively impacts it. Finally, the results of causality testing indicate a unidirectional causal relationship between clean energy technology and clean energy consumption and a bidirectional association between institutional quality and clean energy consumption. The study's outcomes have policy implications, especially regarding designing strategic choices to promote investment in clean energy technology to increase the use of clean energy sources and to overcome the issues of institutional quality in supporting clean energy consumption in the EU-28 countries.

The BRICS nations-Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa-have grown significantly in importance over the past few decades, playing a vital role in the development and growth of the global economy. This expansion has not been without cost, either, since these countries' concern over environmental deterioration has risen sharply. Both researchers and decision-makers have focused a lot of attention on the connection between economic growth and ecological sustainability. By using nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach, the complex relationships were analyzed between important economic indicators-such as gross domestic product (GDP), ecological innovations (EI), energy consumption (ENC), institutional performance (IP), and trade openness (TOP)-and their effect on carbon emissions and nitrous oxide emissions in the BRICS countries from 1990 to 2021, this study seeks to contribute to this important dialog. Principal component analysis is formed for technological innovations and institutional performance using six (ICT service exports as a percentage of service exports, computer communications as a percentage of commercial service exports, fixed telephone subscriptions per 100 people, internet users as a percentage of the population, number of patent applications, and R&D expenditures as a percentage of GDP) and twelve (government stability, investment profile, socioeconomic conditions, internal conflict, external conflict, military in politics, control of corruption, religious tensions, ethnic tensions, law and order, bureaucracy quality, and democratic accountability) distinct indicators, respectively. The results of nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag estimation show that increase in economic growth would increase carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions. The positive and negative shocks in trade openness have positive and significant impact on carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions in BRICS countries. Furthermore, the positive shock energy consumptions have positive and significant effect on Brazil and India when carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions are used. However, EKC exists in BRICS countries when carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions are used. According to long-term estimation, energy consumption and technological innovations in the BRICS countries show a strong and adverse link with nitrous oxide and a favorable relationship with carbon dioxide emissions. In the long run, environmental indicators are seen to have a major and unfavorable impact in BRICS nations. Finally, it is proposed that BRICS nations can assure environmental sustainability if they support creative activities, enhance their institutions, and support free trade policies.

As a financial activity with the main purpose of ecological protection and environmental governance, green investment has important practical significance for promoting sustainable economic development. Previous studies have not addressed the relationship between green investment, clean energy consumption, carbon emissions, and economic growth. We use panel data from 30 provinces and cities in China from 2003 to 2017 to build a simultaneous equation model, which can evaluate the nonlinear relationship and avoid the endogeneity of the model. The research results show that, firstly, green investment has a significant positive impact on clean energy consumption and economic growth. However, it has no significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Second, the curve of clean energy consumption and per capita GDP conforms to the positive U-shaped characteristic, while the curve of carbon emissions and per capita GDP conforms to the EKC curve, meeting the inverted U-shaped characteristic. And the inflection point of clean energy use occurred earlier than the inflection point of CO2 emissions. When per capita GDP is greater than 105,735.93 (RMB), the use of clean energy will increase, and carbon dioxide emissions will decrease, thereby achieving a win-win situation for the environment and the economy. Finally, according to the survey results, it is suggested that green investment is an effective means to encourage clean energy consumption and economic growth.

This study empirically estimates the impact of clean and non-clean energy consumption on economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions within the framework of the environmental Kuznets curve and pollution haven hypothesis in the case of PIMC countries from 1980 to 2019. The results of the panel cointegration test proposed by Westerlund (2007) show a long-term equilibrium relationship among the variables of each designated model. The long-term elasticities of economic growth and carbon emission estimated by AMG, CCEMG, and MG estimators indicate that both clean and non-clean energy consumption has a significant impact on economic growth, while carbon emission hinders growth. The results also reveal that economic growth, non-clean energy consumption, and interaction between trade openness and non-clean energy consumption have a driving effect on carbon dioxide emission; however, clean energy consumption is found to reduce carbon emission. In addition, the analysis confirms the existence of the inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve and pollution haven hypothesis in the panel of PIMC economies. Finally, there is a one-way causality from non-clean energy consumption to economic growth, but no such causation exists between clean energy consumption and economic growth. The objective of sustained economic growth with a safe environment may be achieved by encouraging clean energy consumption in the PIMC economies.

Purpose This study aims to explore the short- and long-run asymmetric link between carbon emission (CE), renewable energy generation (REG), renewable energy capacity (REC), renewable energy investment (REI) and energy demand (ED) to analyze the impact of positive and negative asymmetric shocks of carbon emissions. Design/methodology/approach The nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model was used to capture the asymmetric effects of the independent variables REG, REC, REI and ED on the dependent variable CE from 1990 to 2024. Findings The findings suggest that all independent variables are associated with the CE in the long run. This relationship confirms that changes in REG, REC, REI and ED significantly impact the CE. The results indicate that positive shocks in renewable energy generation have a stronger impact on emission reduction than negative shocks have on increasing emissions. The short-run asymmetric value of REG is 1.371, which is positive and significant at a 1% level, indicating that changes in REG do not have a stagnant effect on CE. Research limitations/implications Firstly, the analysis focuses on aggregate renewable energy generation and does not differentiate between different types of renewables (e.g. solar, wind, hydro). Future studies could explore the individual effects of different renewable energy sources on emissions and additional variables such as energy prices and government subsidies for the clean energy investment. Practical implications The study has several policy and practical implications. First, policymakers should prioritize expanding renewable energy infrastructure, as the impact of increasing renewable energy generation is more pronounced in reducing emissions than the adverse effects of its reduction. Governments should design policies that encourage sustained investment in renewable energy to ensure long-term emission reductions. Originality/value The annual data on CE, REC, REG, REI and ED from the International Energy Agency and International Renewable Energy Agency for the period of 1990–2024 were used to incorporate carbon emissions during the Paris Agreement and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Using time series data of Pakistan from 1990 to 2019, this study explores the asymmetric effects of political instability on clean energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The results from the traditional ARDL model show that political stability lessens environmental damage by reducing CO2 emissions in the long run. However, when we used the nonlinear ARDL approach, we found that political instability not only reduces the consumption of clean energy but also leads to damage environmental quality in the long run in Pakistan,while political stability not only increases the consumption of clean energy but also helps improve environmental quality in the short run in Pakistan. Thus, macroeconomic policies to promote expansion in clean energy consumption will directly stimulate green economic growth and environmental quality.

Purpose This study aims to argue that responses in economic growth (EG) resulting from positive and negative shocks in energy consumption could be a non-linear phenomenon. Thus, the study aims to investigate the existence of non-linear long-run effects of positive and negative shocks in green and conventional energy consumption on EG for China and India. By decomposing energy consumption in positive and negative shocks, the study seeks to determine the distinct impact of positive and negative shocks in energy (conventional and green) consumption on EG of China and India. Design/methodology/approach A non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model based on energy-augmented environment Kuznets curve (EKC) framework is used on annual time series covering the period 1965–2021. The study uses a precise econometric methodology, starting with unit root tests to assess stationarity, moving to the estimation of the NARDL model, which resulted in the calculation of long-run coefficients and error correction terms to analyse the rate of adjustment towards equilibrium. Findings The empirical findings demonstrate that there exists a non-linear cointegrating relationship among EG, carbon emissions and green and conventional energy consumption for both economies. In the long run, a non-linear impact of green energy consumption (GEC) on EG is evident for China only, whereas non-linear impact of conventional energy consumption (CEC) on EG is visible for both countries. Practical implications While China and India prioritise energy diversification by embracing green energy to promote energy security and limit rising carbon emissions, it is interesting to investigate how positive and negative shocks in GEC and CEC have affected their EG. Second, this paper examines the trade-offs between EG and GEC/CEC in China and India, two high-carbon emitters. The disparities in trade-offs may indicate how well each country’s energy policies address increased EG with fewer energy-induced carbon emissions. Originality/value This study examines non-linear cointegration among the variables of interest, whereas most prior studies have focused on linear cointegration. The existence of non-linear cointegration may suggest that positive and negative shocks in GEC and CEC can result in non-linear reactions in EG. Thus, it establishes a basis for examining the non-linear long-term effects of GEC and CEC on EG. The research findings indicate significant consequences and necessitate prompt intervention to alleviate the detrimental impacts of shocks in GEC and CEC on EG in China and India and provide several important inputs to address the inherent challenges of energy transition goals.

Impact of public-private partnerships investment and FDI on CO2 emissions: A study of six global investment countries

This paper examines the asymmetric impact renewable energy generation and clean energy prices on green economy stock prices by employing monthly data for all three indices end on 2021M07, and start on 2010M12. The nonlinear ARDL approach (NARDL) is applied in order to find short-run and long-run asymmetries. The empirical results indicate that renewable energy generation significant negative impact on green economy stock prices. For the clean energy prices have a positive and negative significant impact on green economy stock prices in selected markets under concern. The short-run coefficients of clean energy stock prices have a significant positive affect on green economy stock prices. The Wald test results confirmed the green economy stock price adjustment is running towards the long- and short-run steady increment regarding positive and negative shocks in renewable energy generation and clean energy. Finally, the dynamic multipliers showed that prices of renewable energy generation have a positive (negative) impact on green economy stock prices. Indeed, clean energy prices respond quickly to the changes (both positive and negative) on green economy prices in all selected markets. In sum, the negative shocks dominate positive shocks in renewable energy generation and clean energy, and results indicate that a positive and negative relationship was noted between these covariates and green economy stock prices.

This study investigates the impact of dirty (gas, oil) and clean (renewable) energy consumption on CO emissions in Azerbaijan. Utilizing annual data from 1985 to 2022, the analysis examines the 2 stationarity of the variables using ADF, Flexible Fourier ADF, and Fractional Flexible Fourier ADF unit root tests, finding that all variables are stationary at the first difference. To explore the cointegration relationships among the variables, the Bayer-Hanck combined cointegration test is employed. Three econometric models are established, revealing a long-run equilibrium relationship solely between renewable energy consumption and carbon emissions (CO ). According to the long-run estimation re- 2 sults from FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR methods, renewable energy consumption negatively impacts carbon emissions in Azerbaijan, with a 1% increase in renewable energy consumption leading to a 0.60% decrease in carbon emissions. Additionally, the Fourier Toda-Yamamoto causality test uncovers a unidirectional causality from gas consumption to carbon emissions in Azerbaijan. The study concludes with policy recommendations for Azerbaijan to effectively manage and reduce carbon emissions

The primary cause of environmental degradation, which poses a danger to the long-term viability of the ecosystem, is the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). For this reason, the Glasgow Climate Pact (COP26) established a decarbonization goal in response to this ecological concern, for which all economic players have a responsibility. India is among the participants who have a target set for them to decarbonize their economies by the year 2060 via the use of green energy and the advancement of science and innovation. Nevertheless, the asymmetrical effect of green energy, technology, and innovation on India's decarbonization program was not sufficiently explored in the prior study; hence, this research aims to fill this literature vacuum by considering India's GHG emissions from 1990 to 2020 by leveraging the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model. The findings reveal the asymmetric influences of variables of interest on GHG emissions during the short and long term and under positive and negative shocks. Regarding the positive shock, long-term findings demonstrate that innovation and technical know-how grow GHG emissions and accelerate environmental degradation. However, a negative shock in innovations and technological know-how is opposed to a positive shock and improving environmental conditions. Further, positive shocks in green energy boost environmental effectiveness by reducing GHG secretions in India. In contrast, the negative shock in green energy deteriorates the environment by triggering GHG releases. These factual findings compel the Indian government to prioritize green technologies in addition to green energy generation to decouple economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions and meet rising energy demands.

Recently, China has relished rapid green investment, and its influence on clean energy consumption and environment is substantial. Therefore, this study scrutinizes the effects of green investment on clean energy consumption and CO2 emissions in China by using autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) approach over time from 1998 to 2019. The results show that green investment tends to have a positive effect on clean energy consumption in China in the long run. The outcomes of study also show that green investment also tends to have a negative effect on CO2 emissions in China, but it has a small effect on carbon emissions in magnitude in the long run. Importantly, possible channels revealed green investment encouraging consumers and producers to consume clean energy, thereby positively affecting the environmental quality in China. Other control variables' findings show that environmental tax and financial development have increased the environmental quality by decreasing the CO2 emissions. Based on the findings, it recommends that green investment is considered necessary for encouraging clean energy consumption to reduce carbon emissions in high pollutant economies.

Improving well-being is a critical problem for worldwide social progress. Research on well-being effects of clean household energy consumption is of great significance for the realization of United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Due to the multifaceted role of clean household energy in enhancing well-being as a sustainable development goal, it has attracted extensive academic attention and research but still needs to be further refined through new perspectives. This paper uses data from the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study to conduct an empirical analysis of clean household energy consumption and residents’ well-being using an ordered probit model, the instrumental variables method, a conditional mixed process (CMP) method, and a mechanism analysis model. The results show that (1) household clean energy consumption contributes to residents’ well-being, and the results remained significant after selecting “Do you have an electric Bicycle?” as an instrumental variable to address the endogeneity question. (2) According to heterogeneity research, women’s wellbeing is impacted by clean energy consumption in the household more than men’s. Only in rural locations can clean household energy consumption significantly boost well-being; urban and suburban areas are unaffected. (3) In the mechanism analysis, health condition and depression played a mediating role on the impact of clean household energy consumption on well-being, and social contact played a moderating role on the impact of clean household energy consumption on well-being. The findings and policy recommendations in this paper are suggestive of how we can improve the well-being of residents in low- and middle-income countries and provide reference values for research in related fields around the world.

This paper investigates the empirical relationship between economic growth, inflation, foreign direct investment (FDI), and trade on Indonesia’s poverty reduction. The analyzed data period is 1970–2022 using the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model. In the long term, positive and negative shocks to economic growth and FDI significantly affect poverty in Indonesia. Increased growth and FDI will have a significant effect on poverty alleviation. Likewise, when there are negative shocks from economic growth and FDI, it will increase the percentage of the poverty rate. Meanwhile, the inflation variable has a different effect on the conditions of positive and negative shocks. In positive shocks, inflation has a positive and insignificant effect, while in negative shocks, inflation has a negative and significant effect on poverty. It shows that a decrease in the price of goods significantly impacts poverty alleviation in the long term. Furthermore, trade has no significant effect in the long term in both positive and negative shocks. The short-term estimation results show that all variables are significant for positive and negative shocks, except for positive shocks of inflation and negative shocks of trade. Therefore, it is recommended that the government adopt a poverty reduction program by improving more stable economic growth instruments, increasing foreign investment that is more labor-intensive, and controlling inflation more effectively to avoid unreasonable increases in the price of goods.

Do Economic Growth, Energy Consumption and Population damage the Environmental Quality? Evidence from Five Regions Using the Nonlinear ARDL Approach