Analysis in the Process of China's Modernization the Government Crisis Warning Ability Construction

The Developing EconomiesVolume 34, Issue 2 p. 154-185 Free Access EXPLAINING CHINA'S BUSINESS CYCLES Hiroyuki IMAI, Hiroyuki IMAISearch for more papers by this author Hiroyuki IMAI, Hiroyuki IMAISearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1996 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.1996.tb00735.xCitations: 4AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL REFERENCES 1 Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. “Decision of the CPC Central Committee on Some Issues concerning the Establishment of the Socialist Market Economic Structure,” Beijing Review, Vol. 36, No. 47 (November 1993). 2 Chen Jidong, Li Ruoyu, and Gao Hongfang, eds. Zhonghua renmin gongheguo jingji dashiji, 1949--1980 [Major economic events of the People's Republic of China, 1949--1980] ( Beijing : Zhongguo-shehui-kexue-chubanshe, 1984). 3 Chen Jinhua Report on the Implementation of the 1994 Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Draft 1995 Plan for National Economic and Social Development,” Beijing Review, Vol. 38, Nos. 14--15 (April 1995). 4 China Daily. 5 Ding Hengjiang and Liu Xiaoqi “ Guanyu difang zhengfu ganyu yinhang jingying huodong di shenceng sikao” [Deep thoughts on intervention by local governments in the operational activities of banks], Jingji yanjiu, No. 12 (1993). 6 Eckstein, A. Economic Fluctuations in Communist China's Domestic Development,” in China's Heritage and Communist Political System, ed. Ho Ping-ti and Tang Tsou, Vol. 2 ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1968). 7 Fan Gang, Zhang Shuguang and Wang Limin. “ Shuanggui guodu yu shuanggui diaokong (I)” [Dual-track transition and dual-track macroeconomic management (I)], Jingji yanjiu, No. 10 (1993). 8 Imai, H. Inflationary Pressure in China's Consumption Goods Market: Estimation and Analysis,” Developing Economies, Vol. 32, No. 2 (June 1994). 9 Imai, H. Growth-Inflation Tradeoff in China,” Lingnan College, Centre for Asian Pacific Studies, Working Paper Series No. 25 (Hong Kong, 1995). 10 Kornai, J. The Socialist System ( Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1992). 11 Kornai, J., and Daniel, Z. The Chinese Economic Reform---As Seen by Hungarian Economists,” Acta Oeconomica, Vol. 36, Nos. 3--4 (1986). 12 Ma Hong, ed. Modern China's Economy and Management ( Beijing : Foreign Language Press, 1990). 13 Naughton, B. Saving and Investment in China: A Macroeconomic Analysis”. (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1986). 14 Naughton, B. Macroeconomic Policy and Response in the Chinese Economy: The Impact of the Reform Process,” Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 14, No. 3 (September 1987). 15 Naughton, B. Inflation in China: Patterns, Causes, and Cures,” in China's Economic Dilemmas in the 1990s: The Problems of Reforms, Modernization, and Interdependence, ed. Joint Economic Committee, U.S. Congress, Vol. 1, Compendium of Papers ( Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991). 16 Nihon keizai shimbun. 17 Renmin ribao. 18 State Statistical Bureau, ed. Zhongguo maoyi wujia tongji ziliao, 1952--1983 [Trade and price statistics in China, 1952--1983] ( Beijing : Zhongguo-tongji-chubanshe, 1984). 19 State Statistical Bureau, ed. Zhongguo tongji nianjian [Statistical yearbook of China] ( Beijing : Zhongguo-tongji-chubanshe, various years from 1984 to 1995). 20 Wall Street Journal. 21 Wong, C. The Economics of Shortages and Problems of Reform in Chinese Industry,” Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 10, No. 4 (December 1986). 22 Wu Naitao Risk Investment System to Be Established,” Beijing Review, Vol. 37, No. 15 (April 1994). 23 Xu Kanghua and Wang Yaping Zhongguo shehui zhuyi jianshe xinshiqui jingji jianshi [Short history of the new period of China's socialist construction] ( Beijing : Zhongguo-wuzi-chubanshe, 1993). 24 Zhongguo caizheng tongji (1950--1991). [China finance statistics (1950--1991). ( Beijing : Kexue-chubanshe, 1992). 25 Zhongguo jingji nianjian, 1991 [ Almanac of the China's economy, 1991] ( Beijing : Jingji-guanli-chubanshe, 1991). 26 Zhongguo jinrong nianjian, 1993 [ Almanac of China's finance and banking, 1993] ( Beijing : Zhongguo-jinrong-nianjian-bianjibu, 1993). Citing Literature Volume34, Issue2June 1996Pages 154-185 ReferencesRelatedInformation

How is China's nuclear strategy changing and why should we be interested? In Northeast Asia's security reality, which seeks to exercise collective self-defense and strengthen its military power, the U.S., Russia, and Japan, which are traditional nuclear powers, we need to recognize and respond to military changes, especially when we do not have nuclear weapons. Since its first development of nuclear weapons in 1964, China has developed qualitatively and quantitatively in nuclear power, and its nuclear strategy has changed accordingly. China, which had been based on a small number of nuclear weapons since its first nuclear development until the 1960s, had a minimum level of deterrence through quantitative expansion of nuclear weapons and establishment of a “Nuclear Triad system.” This trend has moved on since the 1990s and has been modernized in terms of quality rather than quantitative changes in nuclear power. Having secured the reliability of deterrence through modernization, China began to reveal its nuclear capabilities, transforming it into a “minimum deterrence strategy based on visibility.” China's recent modernization of nuclear power and changes in its nuclear strategy are important issues that will directly and indirectly affect Northeast Asia and our security, and we have considered the implications for Northeast Asia's security. First, China's modernization of nuclear power could serve as a nuclear development driver for neighboring countries, and second, China's nuclear modernization process could serve as a role model for North Korea's future nuclear modernization and negotiations with neighboring countries. Third, recognition of the possibility of changes in China's nuclear strategy, and fourth, it showed that China's nuclear power modernization trend is increasing the possibility of future changes in its nuclear strategy. As a response to this, we need first multilateral cooperation and efforts to prevent nuclear proliferation and competition in Northeast Asia, second, diverse and flexible foreign strategies, third, risk distribution, fourth, recognition of the possibility of change in China's nuclear strategy and long-term military response in connection with the “Defense Reform 2.0”. There are many restrictions on finding a clear response from the perspective of the changing international order and the non-nuclear nation, but we should look beyond the perspective limited to the Korean Peninsula and clearly at the surrounding security situation. Therefore, continuous efforts are needed to lead the security environment of Northeast Asia in our favor based on a clear understanding and evaluation of changes in China's nuclear power and nuclear strategy.

Trade and Human Rights: The Ethical Dimension in U.S.-China Relations by Morris, Susan C. (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002), 218 pp., £49.00/$84.95 (cloth), ISBN 0-7546-1837-4. Inklings of Democracy in Ch...

China's modernization can be divided into three phases: the modernization led by the Qing government from the mid 19th century until 1911; the modernization led by KMT from 1912 to 1948; and the modernization led by the CCP after 1949 and especially after the 1980s Reform and Opening. and constitute an ineffaceable paradox within China's modernization process. This chapter examines the modernization of the Qing government. The conflict between Westernization and Sinicization more fully manifested during the Republican Era. The differentiation of Westernization from modernization and the definition of modernization as industrialization were crucial to Sinicization proponents. The chapter also examines the various manifestations of and Americanization. Finally, the chapter looks at one example: in the 1920s and 30s, one popular view was that the ancient Chinese characters conflicted with the modern civilization and thus were one of the largest impediments to China's modernization. Keywords: Americanization; China's modernization process; Chinese characters; industrialization; modern civilization; Qing government; Sinicization; Westernization

Economic growth leads to with increased prosperity with increasing of income levels of people living in a
 country. Economic development involves social and cultural developments in the economy along with prosperity. Entrepreneurship which is involved in factors of production, labor, capital and technology and brings them together and it takes risks and assess opportunities has an important role in economic growth and development. The basic elements of a country's economic development are individuals who have an entrepreneurial spirit. They are driving force of growth and prosperity. The impact on entrepreneurs' on economic development can be associated with their inventions / scientific research and invention through their innovations, the ability of adaptation innovations, by way of competition raise efficiency, providing employment, making business opportunities and their increasing of production and commercial activities where they are established. In the economies, entrepreneurs increase profits in terms of production volume, stimulating competition and in parallel with leads to the decline prices. In this context, the country's economic growth and development, remaining prosperity affects well-being and quality of life of individuals, their economic prosperity and their social and cultural development. In this study, the role and importance of entrepreneurship in a country's economic growth and development and socio-economic development will be examined in the context of various parameters and in terms of these parameters the relationship between entrepreneurial activity and economic growth will be highlighted.

Reviewed by: Navigating Semi-Colonialism; Shipping, Sovereignty, and Nation-Building in China, 1860-1937 by Anne Reinhardt Chi Kong Lai (bio) Recently, maritime history has become an increasingly popular and prominent topic of inquiry in Chinese studies. The rise of the steamship is increasingly seen as a microcosm for the transformation of economic and trading environments in modern China, as the arrival of steamships certainly contributed positively to the economic and infrastructural development in modern China. The expansion of steam navigation in China since the 1860s has received renewed academic attention from researchers looking into Mercantile Capitalism,1 economic rivalry, and most recently semicolonialism and imperialism in China's modernization process. Anne Reinhardt's Navigating Semi-Colonialism, Shipping, Sovereignty, and Nation-Building in China, 1860-!937 provides a new perspective and historical context of this narrative of China's struggle to enter the modern world. Reinhardt, currently a chair and professor of history at Williams College, is an expert on modern Chinese economic and colonial history. She holds a BA in history from Harvard University (1990), an MA in Asian studies from the University of California (1994), and a PhD from Princeton University (2002) under Susan Naquin. She views steam navigation as a wider arena comprising intertwined political, economic, social, and cultural elements and steam navigation as a case study through which to understand semicolonial China. The scope of Reinhardt's historical inquiry includes foreign imperialism through the treaty port system, China's partial sovereignty, economic development, and the social space of the steamship. While her investigation covers the period between 1860 and 1937, the introduction and conclusion outline relevant developments before and after those dates. Reinhardt conducted research in [End Page 98] China, Taiwan, Japan, Britain, the United States, and India, and subsequently uses a diverse range of primary sources as well as draws from the work of various shipping history experts internationally. Semicolonialized nation-states such as China existed alongside India, the British Empire's crown jewel. Through detailing the development of steam shipping and enterprise, Reinhardt argues that China's experience is both unique and connected to other contexts and global processes. The book defines colonialism and semicolonialism by showing how international influences in modern China differed from those of countries under colonial rule. Reinhardt's book contains seven chapters following chronological order (1860-1937), an introduction, and a conclusion. Conclusions within each chapter contain a comparison with British India that strengthens her argument concerning the uniqueness of the Chinese experiences and the challenges that confronted China as part of a wider global trend. She begins by outlining the "semi-colonial conundrum" historians face in defining China's unique experience with colonialism. China's sovereignty was limited by unequal treaties imposed by foreign powers, particularly Britain, with a degree of collaboration by the Qing dynasty. She chooses the term "collaboration" as semicolonialism occasionally benefited both the Qing rulers and the foreign powers. Chapter 1 describes the existing shipping activity prior to the introduction of steam transport in the 1860s. As foreign vessels established their place in Chinese waters through the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842, the carriage of Chinese cargoes in foreign vessels along the coast became a profitable trade, which attracted the attention and commercial participation of Western steamship owners, such as Russell & Co., who brought vessels to China.2 As in India, however, in addition to import/export trade, foreign vessels became a substantial part of domestic trade. The coastal trade involved selling a vessel's service to Chinese merchants and trafficking cargoes between China's treaty ports. The coastal trade was formally recognized in the 1860 Treaty of Tianjin, which also saw the Qing government put Chinese ships of Western design under the same conditions as foreign powers', thus relinquishing some of their sovereign rights. After i860, there were treaty ports connected to one another. But at that time, the Chinese waters were not developed. For example, steamboats could not reach Chongqing. However, the best way to obtain a promising trade route to Chongqing was to open the Hubei port of Yichang.3 Then, foreign shipping began to expand into China's internal waters. The growth of steam-powered ships occurred as the Chinese...

In recent years, with the acceleration of China's modernization process, while the urban environment is improving day by day, the pollution problem in rural areas is becoming more and more prominent. Especially in the developed areas with a high degree of industrialization and urbanization, the decline of rural environmental quality has formed a strong contrast with economic and social development. The serious problem of rural air pollution is actually caused by many reasons. In addition to automobile exhaust, illegal emissions from some factories and dust caused by construction waste in rural areas are the culprits affecting rural air. Compared with urban environmental protection and industrial pollution, rural environmental protection started late and has a weak foundation. It is difficult to control due to the limitations of manpower, capital, farmers' apos, production, and lifestyle. Rural environmental problems involve many aspects and departments. Improving the rural environment requires not only the government to increase investment, but also the coordination of governments at all levels and departments. We need to take the strategy of overall urban and rural development, strengthen the management of the rural ecological environment, establish and improve relevant laws and regulations on the prevention and control of air pollution, and advocate for farmers to gradually apply organic fertilizers to reduce pollution, with a focus on industrial pollution control. Although some work has been done on rural environmental protection in recent years, there is still a long way to explore.

Reviews 209 Hard-pressed and facing increasingly difficult choices, die state opted for projects and regions where, from its larger perspective, investment promised the greatest and quickest rewards, even to die point of discouraging and foiling local efforts that might have ameliorated or solved local problems. This is a richly nuanced book that deserves close attention. Its author appreciates analytical models about China's economic and political character and evolution and dieir strengths and weaknesses, but he does not leave diem sacrosanct. How Pomeranz' unravelings will find dieir way into broader surveys ofmodern Chinese history will be the real test. Edward J. Lazzerini University ofNew Orleans David Pong. Shen Pao-chen and China's Modernization in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge, New York, and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1994. xviii, 395 pp. Hardcover $54.95. Samuel C. Chu and Kwang-Ching Liu, editors. Li Hung-chang and China's Early Modernization. Armonk and London: M. E. Sharpe, 1994. xi, 308 pp. Hardcover $49.95. Paperback $22.50. Much of the contents of these two books will be known to those who keep up with scholarship on the late Qing, but both are nevertheless welcome contributions . David Pong has published over some years a long list ofhigh-quality articles on Shen Baozhen and odier related matters in nineteenth-century history; now it is good to have his full-lengdi treatment ofShen's career. Most ofthe Li book has already appeared, some ofit as a series ofarticles in Chinese Studies in History (CSH) (1990-1991); two articles are new (by Richard J. Smith and Thomas L. Kennedy), and die volume also includes two older articles by K. C. Liu, one from the Harvard Journal ofAsiatic Studies (1970) and one from the 1967 book Approaches to Modern Chinese History. The four articles that were not in CSHadd substantially to the volume's weight. Indeed, it is time to begin thinking ofPro-© 1995 h ? ' tv fessor Liu's articles as classics; Sam Chu was wise to suggest including them. ofHawai'i PressThe two books complement and reinforce each other, and not onlybecause David Pong is also a contributor to the Li anthology and deals widi die relationship between Li and Shen. Professor Pong is careful to point out that there were 210 China Review International: Vol. 2, No. 1, Spring 1995 differences as well as similarities between the lives and careers of the two men, but his emphasis rightly falls on the parallels and how die two tried to work together to further their many common modernization aims. The two books thus point to the efforts of two highly talented and farsighted men to promote China's "selfstrengthening " and to die many obstacles that blocked tiieir path. Both books want their protagonists to get their due, and while much is claimed for both Li and Shen their failures are not ignored; still, it is clear that Professor Pong wants Shen to be given more recognition as an important and creative reformer than he has received heretofore, and tìiat professors Liu and Chu want to have existing evaluations of Li revised upward. In a rather brief introductory essay, for example, Professor Liu views Li in the broad historical context of statecraft and finds diat he put into practice what Wei Yuan had sketched decades earlier, concluding that Li pioneered not only in military self-strengthening but also in state building and general economic development : "scholars have yet to do justice" to Li's efforts in these areas, he claims (p. 9). The general conclusion to this chapter is the following: "There were enough cases of comparative success in the record of China's late-nineteenth-century modernization to justify their being considered as precursors ofthe considerable economic development in the China of die early twentieth century __ Research on Li's role in the statecraft and reform of die late Ch'ing [Qing] period has barely begun." Professor Chu, in a lengthier concluding assessment, also suggests tìiat Li has been judged too harshly. In this chapter the evidence is weighed judiciously and widi a palpably strenuous effort to be candid and fair. Every wart is put under the microscope, from allegations of corruption and...

Social and economic development is a difficult process in which positive and negative factors interact that causes rises and recessions in development of territories and public communities. Indicators of rating act as indicators of efficiency of management decisions at the central and local levels. However, the level of economic development doesn’t coincide with social development in most of regions of Ukraine.
 The purpose of article is adaptation of a matrix method to rating estimates of social and economic development of regions for identification of regional distinctions, definition of priorities and strategic management of development of regions.
 The economic development of the regions was estimated by GRP per capita, the average salary of employees and the unemployment rate (according to the ILO methodology). Social development is characterized by the number of people enrolled in higher education institutions per 10,000 population; coefficient of incidence of the population; volumes of emissions of pollutants in atmospheric air, thousand tons; crime rates.
 The multidimensional average method with the standardization of indicators based on the variation range was used to calculate the integral indicators of economic and social development. On the basis of integral coefficients, the ranking of regions according to economic and social development was executed. It is established that for the regions of Ukraine there is a characteristic imbalance between economic and social development, which is connected, first of all, with different structure of the economy and territorial differences of regions.
 The combination of results of economic and social development of regions was proposed with the help of building a matrix as a tool for strategic management. In the graphs (vertically), the level of economic development is singled out, in lines (horizontally) the level of social development of the regions is singled out, with the identification of three groups: low, medium and high levels.
 Regions with low economic and low social level get to 1 square; in 2 – with low economic and average social; in 3 – with low economic and high social; in 4 – with average economic and low social; in 5 – with average economic and average social; in 6 – with average economic and high social; in 7 – with high economic and low social; in 8 – with high economic and average social; in 9 – with high economic and high social level.
 Calculations show that in Ukraine no region was detected with simultaneous high levels of economic and social development (the 9th square). The vast majority are regions with average economic and average social development and also regions “below or above an average” level of development, that is one of the directions (economic or social) is “low”, and the second, accordingly, “average”. The position of the region in a matrix specifies what development strategy should be chosen. The economic and social development is higher; the capacity of the region for increase in the standard of living of the population is higher. High economic and social development is followed by the high potential of the region to increase the standard of living of the population.

The Developing EconomiesVolume 12, Issue 1 p. 23-40 Free Access NOTES ON THE CHINESE MODEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT —Its Impact on and Influence from Foreign Economic Systems— Katsuji NAKAGANE, Katsuji NAKAGANESearch for more papers by this author Katsuji NAKAGANE, Katsuji NAKAGANESearch for more papers by this author First published: March 1974 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.1974.tb00315.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES 1 Peijingshi-geming-weiyuan-hui, Xiezuo-xiaozu. Zhongguo shehuizhuyi gongyehua-de daolu [The road to China's socialist industrialization], Hongqi, 1969, No. 10. 2 Chen, K. I. The Outlook for China's Economy, Current History, September 1972. 3 Donnithorne, A. China's Economic System ( London : George Allen and Unwin, 1967). 4 Donnithorne, A.. China's Cellular Economy: Some Economic Trends since the Cultural Revolution, China Quarterly, No. 52 (OctoberDecember 1972). 5 Eckstein, A. Communist China's Economic Growth and Foreign Trade: Implications for U.S. Policy ( New York : McGraw-Hill, 1966). 6 Etzioni, A. A Comparative Analysis of Complex Organizations ( New York : Free Press, 1961). 7 Fazhan gongye bixu he fazhan nongye tongshi bingju [Develop simultaneously industry and agriculture], editorial, Jihua jingji, October 1957. 8 Galbraith, J. K. The New Industrial State, 2nd ed. ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin, 1971). 9 Galbraith, J. K. A China Passage ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin, 1973). 10 Hoffmann, C. Work Incentive Practices and Policies in the People's Republic of China, 1953–1965 ( Albany , N.Y. : State University of New York Press, 1967). 11 Howe, C. Wage Patterns and Wage Policy in Modern China, 1919–1972 ( Cambridge : At the University Press, 1973). 12 Ishibashi, K. ChūBgoku keizai kensetsu no shinhōBkōB [ New direction of China's economic construction], Ajia , February 1974. 13 Ishikawa, S. Impact of the Emergence of China on Asian-Pacific Trade, Paper presented at the Fifth Pacific Trade and Development Conference, January 1973. 14 S. Ishikawa, ed. ChūBgoku keizai no genjōB to tembōB [The present conditions and prospects of the Chinese economy] ( Tokyo : ChūBgoku-Ajia-bōBeki-kōBzōB-kenkyūB-sentāB, 1972). 15 Iwata, M. Hikaku shakaishugi taisei-ron [Comparative analysis of socialist systems] ( Tokyo : Nihon-hyōBron-sha, 1971). 16 Jinmin ChūBgoku, 1974, No. 1. 17 Kast, F. E., and Rosenzweig, J. E. Organization and Management: A Systems Approach ( New York : McGraw-Hill, 1970). 18 Kawata, T. TōBnan-Ajia o meguru keizai kankei to Nihon [ Economic relations in Southeast Asia and the position of Japan], Keizai hyōBron, June 1973. 19 Kojima, R. Tsuchi ni nezuku ChūBgoku keizai [ The Chinese economy rooted in the earth], Sekai , November 1972. 20 Koopmans, T., and Montias, J. On the Description and Comparison of Economic Systems, in Comparison of Economic Systems, ed. A. Eckstein ( Berkeley : University of California Press, 1971). 21 Kornai, J. Anti-Equilibrium ( Amsterdam : North-Holland, 1971). 22 Lange, O. Introduction to Economic Cybernetics ( Warsaw : PWN, 1965). 23 Masamura, K. Sengo Nihon no keizaishi-teki sōBkatsu [ A summary of economic history of postwar Japan], ChūBōB kōBron , August 1973. 24 Meier, G., and Baldwin, R. Economic Development: Theory. History, Policy ( New York : John Wiley and Sons, 1957). 25 Niwa, H. 1956-nen ChūBgoku sangyōB-renkan-hyōB suikei no gaiyōB [Outline of estimated input-output table of China, 1956] ( Tokyo : Institute of Developing Economies, 1970). 26 Parsons, T., and Smelser, N. Economy and Society ( London : Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1956). 27 Peking Review. 28 Riskin, C. Maoism and Motivation: Work Incentives in China, Bulletin of Concerned Asia Scholars, Vol. 5, No. 1 (July 1973). 29 Schurmann, F. Ideology and Organization in Communist China, 2nd ed. ( Berkeley : University of California Press, 1968). 30 United Nations, Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE). Economic Survey of Asia and the Far East 1972, preliminary draft. 31 Wheelwright, E. L., and Mcfarlane, B. The Chinese Road to Socialism; Economies of the Cultural Revolution ( New York : Monthly Review Press, 1970). 32 Writers' Group of the National Construction Committee. ”Develop Simultaneously Large-Scaled and Medium and Small-Scaled Enterprises, Peking Review, 1970, No. 50. 33 Yamanouchi, K. ChūBgoku keizai o dōB miruka [What is happening in the Chinese economy] ( Tokyo : Nihon-keizai-shimbunsha,, 1973). Volume12, Issue1March 1974Pages 23-40 ReferencesRelatedInformation

The purpose of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) is “to mobilize and facilitate the participation of United States private capital and skills in the economic and social development of less developed friendly countries and areas, thereby complementing the development assistance objectives of the United States” (Foreign Assistance Act of 1969, quoted in Investment Insurance Handbook, p. 3). OPIC seeks to accomplish this through providing investment insurance and financing to corporations which are willing to invest in less developed countries. “In all instances the projects OPIC supports must assist in the social and economic development of the country, and must be consistent with the economic interests of the United States” (Investment Financing Handbook p. 3).

The purpose of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) is “to mobilize and facilitate the participation of United States private capital and skills in the economic and social development of less developed friendly countries and areas, thereby complementing the development assistance objectives of the United States” (Foreign Assistance Act of 1969, quoted in Investment Insurance Handbook, p. 3). OPIC seeks to accomplish this through providing investment insurance and financing to corporations which are willing to invest in less developed countries. “In all instances the projects OPIC supports must assist in the social and economic development of the country, and must be consistent with the economic interests of the United States” ( Investment Financing Handbook p. 3).

The period from 1926 to 1945 in China was a transition from the abolition of monarchy to the founding of New China. This era was marked by turbulence, including the “Golden Decade” of the Republic of China, the Anti-Japanese War and the breakdown of the Kuomintang-Communist cooperation. All sectors of Chinese society went through ups and downs during this period including newspapers and periodicals. Companion Pictorial, which was founded in 1926 and ceased in 1945, experienced these turbulence. Positioned as an urban publication, Companion Pictorial included multi-dimensional content and attracted a large number of advertisements. Studying the history of Companion Pictorial can be regarded as studying the history of modern China. This paper takes the vicissitude of Companion Pictorial from 1926 to 1945 as analysis object, attempting to explore the material and spiritual changes during modern China’s modernization process.

The Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800-1949) offers a concise but comprehensive examination of the political, military, economic, social, and cultural development of modern China. Instead of focusing merely on the political elites of China, this reference covers a variety of significant persons, including women and ethnic minorities; new historical concepts; cultural and educational institutions; and economic activities. Drawing on newly-available records, including a large mass of governmental and family archives, the narratives presented reveal new facts, offer a new interpretation in accordance with China's modernization process during the late Qing period, and a revisionist perspective on the Republican history. The chronology records not only political and military events but also other experiences of the Chinese people. The bibliography gives prominence to current literature on China's drive towards modernization and appendixes provide the reader with detailed information on China's cultural and economic transformation.

The Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800-1949) offers a concise but comprehensive examination of the political, military, economic, social, and cultural development of modern China. Instead of focusing merely on the political elites of China, this reference covers a variety of significant persons, including women and ethnic minorities; new historical concepts; cultural and educational institutions; and economic activities. Drawing on newly-available records, including a large mass of governmental and family archives, the narratives presented reveal new facts, offer a new interpretation in accordance with China's modernization process during the late Qing period, and a revisionist perspective on the Republican history. The chronology records not only political and military events but also other experiences of the Chinese people. The bibliography gives prominence to current literature on China's drive towards modernization and appendixes provide the reader with detailed information on China's cultural and economic transformation.