Abstract
A simple thermal sensor system was designed for measuring water flow in the water mains using the heat loss principle with a NTC thick film segmented thermistor as a self-heating sensor. Thick film segmented thermistors were screen printed on alumina substrate. NTC thermistor paste was formed of very fine Cu0.2Ni0.5Zn1.0Mn1.3O4 powder obtained by a combined mechanical activation/thermal treatment process, an organic vehicle and glass frit. The thermal sensor system was analyzed in the static and dynamic regime. A range constant voltage power supply was defined in the range 9–19V for input water temperatures of 30–2°C, maintaining a supply voltage in steps of 2V for a change in 5°C of input water temperature. This enables optimal operating power, i.e. heat generation on the self-heating thermistor. Measured calibration curves for different input water temperatures and input water flow rates were modeled, enabling interpolation of additional calculated curves to cover a wide range of input water temperatures.
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